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Pathogen A disease-causing organism Harmful –Hurt host cells Physically or through a toxin (poison) Bacterial diseases –Strep throat, Pneumonia, Lyme’s disease, Bubonic plague, STD’s (many)
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Three types of pathogens Bacterium –Examples of diseases: meningitis, strep throat Viruses –Ex. Diseases Hepatitis A, B, C Fungus –Ex. Disease; Athlete’s foot
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Disease Transmission Exposed – when you come in contact with a pathogen Infected – when the pathogen enters the body AND causes disease
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What does infection depend on? Dose – amount of organisms that enter the body Virulence – strength of the organism Host resistance –ability of your immune system to fight infection
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Non-living pathogens Viruses – –Genes (DNA or RNA) in a protective protein shell -- Ebola, measles, polio, cancers) Prions – –infectious protein particles -- transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) -- Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (kuru), bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or mad cow disease) Parasitic DNA -- transposons -- mobile genetic elements -- heritable disorders -- hemophilia, severe combined immunodeficiency, porphyria, cancer
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Transmitting Diseases Air Water Sexual Personal Contact Animals
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Airborne Anthrax Tuberculosis
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Water/Foodborne diseases Foodborne: Salmonella Listeria Waterborne Cholera
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Sexual Contact Chlamydia Gonorrhea Herpes Simplex HIV/AIDS HPV Syphilis
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Bloodborne Pathogens HBV (hepatitis B) AIDs Hepatitis (A, B, C) Syphilis Malaria Brucellosis
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Personal Contact Common colds Typhoid Shigella Norovirus
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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (ticks) West Nile Virus (mosquitos) Lyme Disease (ticks) Malaria (mosquitos) Bubonic Plague (transmitted from rats to humans via fleas) Insect Borne
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So…what to do????
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Personal Contact and Hygiene
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Controlling Diseases Sanitation and Hygiene –Washing –Filtering or boiling water –Chlorine Antibiotics –Used to kill bacteria that have caused (or could cause) infection. Can be preventive.
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Controlling Diseases - Vaccines Used to PREVENT disease –Produces immunity (some temporary, some permanent Causes body to produce antibodies MMR –99% effective with booster Varicella Zoster –Not as effective Smallpox (variola) Polio (poliovirus)
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Controlling Disease - Antibiotics Used to TREAT disease –Interfere with cell walls –Stop growth Cannot stop viruses like the rhinovirus –Usually given if 2ndary bacterial infections occur (like bronchitis, pneumonia, etc)
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Controlling Disease – antiviral drugs Some prevent cell entry Some target protein or protein sequences unique to the virus Some prevent polymerase binding –HIV –Herpes –Hepatitis B –Influenza
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