1. IMMIGRATION AND URBANIZATION

2. Immigration in America  Immigrants come to America to find a better life  Immigration also increased the Industrial Boom!  Majority came from Britain, Ireland, Germany, Italy, Russia, China, and Japan  From 1866-1915 25 million immigrants came over

3. Immigration in America  Most arrive in steamships  Often travel in cargo holds  1 week across the Atlantic and a 3-week journey across the Pacific  “Oh God, I was sick. Everybody was sick. I don’t even want to remember anything about that old boat. One night I prayed to God that it would go down because the waves were washing over it. I was that sick, I didn’t care if it went down or not.” - Bertha Devlin, an Irish immigrant 1923

4. Conditions on the steamships were very poor and overcrowded. They were not allowed on deck, slept in louse-infested bunks, shared toilets, and in such conditions disease spread quickly. Some even died before they reached America. Immigrants traveling to the United States

5. Ellis Island  Main immigration station on the East Coast  Nearly 11,000 people entered the US at Ellis Island each day  Immigrants had to pass several tests before they were allowed to stay in America  Physical exam (5 hours), government inspections, literacy tests, ability to work, money to get started, etc.

6. Quotes from Immigrants coming through Ellis Island  http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/immigrat ion/tour/stop5.htm (separation) http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/immigrat ion/tour/stop5.htm  http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/immigrat ion/tour/stop9.htm ($20) http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/immigrat ion/tour/stop9.htm

7. Liberty Enlightening the World  The Statue of Liberty greeted those entering Ellis Island.  Designed by Frederick Bartholdi, the skeletal framework within the monument was made by Alexandre Eiffle  His mother is believed to be the model  A gift from France to symbolize our alliance during the American Revolution. The people of France financed the statue itself while Americans financed the pedestal and island.

8. The Statue of Liberty  The Statue of Liberty was unveiled October 28 th, 1886  “Lady Liberty” portrays a woman escaping the chains of tyranny  Torch – liberty  Tablet – The date of our independence is inscribed  7 Spikes on her crown – 7 seas and continents Project cost $87 million and took 2 years to complete http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/i mmigration/tour/stop2.htm

9. Angel Island  Main immigration station on the West Coast  Immigrants were treated more harshly here because of their Asian descent  Difficult questioning  Filthy buildings  Confined liked prisoners until their fate was decided

10. Anti-Asian Sentiment  Native-born workers in the West feared their jobs would go to the Chinese, who would accept lower wages.  1882 Chinese Exclusion Act  Banned entry to all Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials  In 1902 Chinese immigration was restricted indefinitely

11. Anti-Asian Sentiment  San Francisco segregated Japanese in school.  Gentlemen’s Agreement – Japan would limit emigration of unskilled workers to America, if San Francisco repeals its segregation order.

12. Culture Shock  Confusion and anxiety caused by a new culture and language  Immigrants from places like Russia, Italy, China, and Japan were generally not well liked. Why?  Previous country had yet to experience Industrial Revolution  Ethnic communities formed to help immigrants cope (like little Italy)  Speak native language  Learn new customs together

13. Melting Pot  The US becomes known as a melting pot  Immigrant groups assimilate into the dominant culture  Some argue that we are now a salad bowl instead of a melting pot.  Why do you think that is?

14. Urbanization = rapid growth of cities Many move to the cities because of more opportunities and cheaper living Urbanization

15.  6 major problems associated with urbanization:  Housing – Overcrowded, unsanitary, 2-3 families living in a single home  Transportation – Develop public transportation to help; cable cars, subways

16. Urbanization  Water – Begin chlorinating water in 1893 to make it safer to drink  Sanitation – Animal and human waste, pollution, garbage piled in streets. Create sanitation departments and sewage lines.  Fire – Limited water supply and wood dwellings  Cincinnati creates the 1 st paid fire department in 1853  Crime – Pickpockets, thieves, con men, gangs  New York city creates the first police department in 1844

17. Sanitation Problems

18. Political Machines  Control enough votes to maintain political and administrative control of the city  Often led by one person “Boss” behind the scenes  Offer services to citizens and businesses in exchange for financial or political support  City jobs or contracts  Political Appointments  Help immigrants gain citizenship

19. Political Machines  Political Machines had control over political offices and city jobs  Fire, Police, Sanitation, Etc.  Bosses also took large amounts of “graft” or kickbacks  Falsified bills and accepted bribes

20. The Tweed Ring  Led by William Marcy Tweed  Controlled New York City (Tammany Hall)  Illegally took $200 million in graft  A Political cartoonist, Thomas Nast, helped expose Tweed  Resulted in Tweeds arrest

21. The Merit System  Reformers called for an end to the Spoils System  Giving government jobs to those who helped them win election  The Pendleton Act:  Required jobs in civil service to be based on qualifications, not political connections