1. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH Made by: Ms. Anila Sohail Khan

2. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
CHARACTERISTICS:
It is original quotation of a talk
It is always placed between two quotation marks
It is always preceded by Capital letter

3. Colon (:), Comma (,) are placed before direct speech when the introductory verb position is in the front
Comma (,) are placed after direct speech when the introductory verb position is placed after or between the direct speech

4. The use of punctuation like exclamation mark (. ), question mark (
The use of punctuation like exclamation mark (!), question mark (?) point the type of sentence of direct speech and it does not change
Eg.
‘Where do you live?’ she asked
My mother says to my sister: ‘Wash your hands!’
She yelled at me: ‘Don’t have the door open!’

5. INDIRECT SPEECH It is a kind of reported sentence (reported speech)
It retells one’s talk or idea
It undergoes certain modification
It has three types of indirect speech
1. Imperative (Command/request)
2. Declarative (Statement)
3. Interrogative (question

6. 1. Imperative (Command/request)
The Imperative is a command
Because of a command it does not tell the subject and the verb in direct imperative does not change
E.g. “Shut the door”
Let the door be shut
like go, sleep, open etc so in the indirect speech is preceded by to infinitive) namely to go, to sleep, to open

7. It also has non verb, so the reported command is preceded by ‘Be + adjective/adverb!’ like: be quiet, be happy, be here so in the Indirect Speech it becomes to be quiet, to be happy, to be here

8. POSITIVE IMPERATIVE DIRECT SPEECH She said, “Go away!”
“Come here!” she said. I said,
“Be quite!” ‘Be quiet!’ she yelled at the children.
She begged, “Be happy!”
‘Please help me!’ she told him
INDIRECT SPEECH
She ordered her to go away .
She asked him to come there.
She ordered the children to be quiet
She requested to be happy
She asked him to help her

9. NEGATIVE IMPERATIVE: DIRECT SPEECH She said, “Don’t go away!”
“Don’t Come here!” she said
I said, “Don’t Be noisy!”
She begged, “Don’t be lazy!”
INDIRECT SPEECH
She told me not to go away
She asked him not to come there.
She begged us not to be noisyI
She told him not to worry about it

10. Declarative (Statement)
A. Pronoun and Possessive adjective
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
I He/She
You me/he/she/them/I/him/her
My his/her
Our their/our
Your My/his/her

11. Declarative (Statement)
B. Adverb of time and Place
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
now then
today that day
tomorrow the next day
the day after
the following day
a day later
next the … after
the following …

12. Declarative (Statement)
B. Adverb of time and Place
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
last … the … before
the previous …
the preceding …
… ago … before
… earlier
yesterday the day before
the previous day
the preceeding day
the day before yesterday two days before
here there
this that
these those

13. Declarative (Statement)
Tenses
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
Present Simple Past Simple
Present Continuous Past Continuous
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

14. Declarative (Statement)
C. Tenses
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
Future Simple Past Future
Future Continuous Past Future Continuous
Future Perfect Past Future Perfect
Future Perfect Future Perfect
Continuous Past Continuous

15. Declarative (Statement)
C. Tenses
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
Past Simple Past Perfect
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Past Perfect

16. Let’s see the following changes
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
Verb 1 Verb 2
Verb 2 Had + Verb 3
Is was
Am was
Are were
Have had
Has had
Do did
Does did
Was/were had been
Did had + verb 3

17. Can could
May might
Must had to
Shall should
Will would
Ought to + verb 1 ought to + have + verb 3 / been
Could + verb 1 could + have + verb 3 / been
Might + verb 1 might + have + verb 3 / been
Should + verb 1 should + have + verb3 / been
Would + verb 1 would + have + verb 3 / been

18. Examples: DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
Ali: ‘I will go now.’ Ali said that he would go then
Rani: ‘They love me.’ Rani told me they loved her
‘I’ve been writing’, Dina Dina answered that she answered had been writing
Mother: ‘I was sick Mother told that yesterday.’ she had been sick the day before

19. 3. Interrogative (question)
a. Preceded by Auxiliary
When the question is preceded by auxiliary that needs yes/No answer it will be used the conjunction if or whether in the indirect speech
The steps how to make indirect speech:
The question sentence of the indirect speech is firstly changed to be statement
It then follows the rules before

20. Example DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
Doctor: ‘Do you usually take a nap?’
It is firstly changed to be:
You usually take a nap Doctor asks if/whether I usually take a nap

21. Example DIRECT SPEECH Mary: ‘Are you a student?’ You are a student
It is firstly changed to be:
You are a student
INDIRECT SPEECH
Ratu asked if/whether I was a
student

22. Example John: ‘May I borrow your car?’ I may borrow your car
Preceded by Question Word (QW)
It is firstly changed to be:
I may borrow your car
INDIRECT SPEECH
John asked if he might borrow my
John asked whether he might borrow my

23. a. Preceded by Question Words
In the question using Question Word (QW)
To form indirect speech the question is firstly changed to be statement
QW: what, when, where, which, why, who, whom, etc. are used as conjunction

24. Example - It is firstly changed to be: You spell your name
Andi: ‘How do you spell your name?’
- It is firstly changed to be:
You spell your name
INDIRECT SPEECH
Andi asked how I spelt my name

25. Example DIRECT SPEECH It is firstly changed to be:
Sophia: Where can you keep your money safely?’
It is firstly changed to be:
You can keep your money safely
INDIRECT SPEECH
- Sophia asked me where I could keep my
money safely.

26. THANK YOU VERY MUCH