1. 1) IMPERIALISM… defined:
→ “Policy in which one country seeks to extend its authority by conquering other countries, or by establishing economic and political dominance over other countries.” [text]
→ A nation controlling another nation for economic, political, and/or military gain. [Unit 1]
→ The exploitation of a weak or less developed nation by a strong (usually industrial) nation, by taking economic and/or political control of a foreign people in their native land.
→ Can be done directly or indirectly, but in ALL cases, involves a loss of sovereignty by the nation being imperialized.

2. FORMS OF IMPERIALISM I. Colonies (Colonialism):
- “a country or territory governed internally by a foreign power” [text]
- Imperial nation’s government administers directly, within the conquered territory
- Usually involves a simultaneous stronger military presence by the imperial nation
(or, sometimes use of native conscripts)
- Often (but not always) involves migration and settlement of citizens from the imperial nation in the conquered territory.
- DIRECT imperialism

3. FORMS OF IMPERIALISM II. Protectorate:
- “a country or territory with its own internal [native] government, but under the control of an outside [foreign] power” [text]
- Also known as a PUPPET GOVERNMENT:
 Imperial nation selects or approves “leaders” of the nation being controlled
 Imperial nation directs the foreign policies of the nation under control
 Imperial nation “protects” the nation under control (either with their own troops, or by training & supplying the military of the nation under control)
- INDIRECT imperialism

4. FORMS OF IMPERIALISM III. Sphere of Influence:
- “an area in which an outside power claims exclusive economic privileges” [text]
- Any region under the political, economic, or military influence of a more powerful nation, compelled to serve the interests of that nation (usually under threat of direct intervention)
- Uses coercive, unequal treaties
- Nation under control keeps native government
- INDIRECT imperialism

5. FORMS OF IMPERIALISM IV. Economic Imperialism:
- an “independent” but less-developed country controlled by [FOREIGN] private business interests [text]
- Foreign business investments may occur under the encouragement and protection of the foreign business’s home government!
- Troops are not always necessary (unless foreign investments are threatened by angry natives - labor strikes, revolutions, etc.)
- Uses CAPITAL as a weapon!
- INDIRECT imperialism

6. FORMS OF IMPERIALISM MOST DIRECT Colonialism Protectorate
Sphere of Influence
Economic Imperialism
LEAST DIRECT (most indirect)

7. 3) Methods of imperial control (HOW?):
1. INDIRECT control:
- Local (native) government officials used
- Limited self-rule (NOT fully sovereign!)
- “develop future leaders”…
TRANSLATION: bribe / support corrupt & undemocratic leaders to serve the imperial nation’s interests
= establish PUPPET GOVERNMENTS
- Government institutions (services & organization) intermix with local (native) ones.
- Does NOT always use troops to control
- Rather, uses CAPITAL INVESTMENT and PROTECTION as tools of control (and access to resources)
- MODERN IMPERIALISM!

8. 3) Methods of imperial control (HOW?):
2. DIRECT control:
- Foreign officials brought in to rule (no self-rule)
- Often involves FORCED ASSIMILATION of native population (might include settlement of imperial nation’s citizens in the conquered land)
- Conquering nation’s rules apply to political, economic, and social institutions
- Often involves use of superior MILITARY strength to control (send troops, or conscript native troops)
- a.k.a. TRADITIONAL IMPERIALISM

9. FORMS OF IMPERIALISM
Economic Imperialism (further explained):
POSITIVE aspects:
+ promotes foreign CAPITAL INVESTMENT
+ encourages TRADE
+ creates JOBS
+ develops a poor nation’s economy & infrastructure
+ foreign company may invest in some health & education services for its native labor force

10. FORMS OF IMPERIALISM
Economic Imperialism (further explained):
NEGATIVE aspects:
- Profits from a nation’s labor, resources, or markets disproportionately benefit the imperial/industrial nation
- Imposes unfair trading terms (resources at undervalued prices; labor w/ low wages & outlawed unions)
- Often involves bribing & supporting dictators (and corrupt “presidents”) of underdeveloped nations (economically & militarily) for access to resources
- Some development occurs (infrastructure, health, education), but NO MIDDLE CLASS GROWTH occurs over time (nation STAYS POOR b/c profits flow OUT of country, instead of being re-invested in the country).
- Though unfair, is a LEGAL AGREEMENT signed w/ a “sovereign” government.