1. Polymer Principles Four classes of macromolecules: Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Polymers are made up of smaller parts
called monomers.
Polymers are formed through
condensation reactions.
Polymers are broken apart through
a hydrolysis reaction.

2. General Information about Carbohydrates
Are important energy sources for most organisms
Often end in “-ose”
Made of C, H, and O
“Carbo”-contains carbon
“Hydrate”-hydrogen and oxygen are present in the same proportions as in water (2 H: 1 O)

3. monosaccharides Two linked monosaccharides are disaccharides
Simple or single sugars are
monosaccharides
Long chains of monosaccharides are
polysaccharides

4. Monosaccharides -one sugar unit – are the simplest carbohydrates
Backbone of 3-7 carbon atoms
Many –OH and –H functional groups
Usually found in ring form in cells
They are characterized by sweet taste
They have several polar -OH groups, so they dissolve in water

5. IB GLUCOSE One of the products of photosynthesis.
(C6H12O6)
The most common monosaccharide
One of the products of photosynthesis.
In animals, glucose is synthesized in the liver and kidneys
Glucose is needed for ATP synthesis during cellular respiration IB

7. Ribose and deoxyribose are the building blocks for nucleic acids.

8. FRUCTOSE Found in fruits and honey.
It is classified as the sweetest of all the sugars.

9. Glucose and fructose have the same chemical formula C6H12O6 but different structural arrangement of the atoms (called isomers)

10. Disaccharides – two sugar units bonded together

11. Disaccharides video clip

12. Disaccharides are formed in condensation reactions

14. Maltose (two glucose units) is present in germinating seeds.

15. Sucrose (glucose + fructose) is a transport form (sap) of sugar used by plants and harvested by humans for food.

16. Lactose (galactose and glucose) is present in milk; gives energy when weaning

17. Complex carbohydrates: the polysaccharides
A polysaccharide is a straight or branched chain of hundreds or thousands of sugar monomers.

19. Storage polysaccharides
Starch (polymer of glucose)
Found in PLANTS
Formed in roots and seeds as a form of glucose storage
Glycogen (polymer of glucose)
Found in ANIMALS
Formed in the liver as a form of glucose storage

20. FIGURE 3-8 (part 1) Starch is an energy-storage polysaccharide made of glucose subunits
(a) Starch globules inside individual potato cells. Most plants synthesize starch, which forms water-insoluble globules consisting of many starch molecules. (b) A small section of a single starch molecule, which occurs as branched chains of up to half a million glucose subunits. (c) The precise structure of the blue highlighted portion of the starch molecule in (b). Notice the linkage between the individual glucose subunits for comparison with cellulose (see Fig. 3-9).

21. Structural polysaccharides
Cellulose (polymer of glucose)
Found in the cell walls of plants
Indigestible for most animals due to orientation of bonds between glucoses
Chitin (polymer of modified glucose units)
Found in the outer coverings of insects, crabs, and spiders
Found in the cell walls of many fungi

22. FIGURE 3-9 Cellulose structure and function
Cellulose can be incredibly tough. (a) Wood in this 3000-year-old bristlecone pine is primarily cellulose. (b) Cellulose forms the cell wall that surrounds each plant cell. (c) Plant cell walls often consist of cellulose fibers in layers that run at angles to each other and resist tearing in both directions. (d) Cellulose is composed of glucose subunits. Compare this structure with Fig. 3-8c and notice that every other glucose molecule in cellulose is "upside down."

23. FIGURE 3-10 Chitin: A unique polysaccharide
Chitin has the same bonding configuration of glucose molecules as cellulose does. In chitin, however, the glucose subunits have a nitrogen-containing functional group (yellow) instead of a hydroxyl group. Tough, flexible chitin supports the otherwise soft bodies of arthropods (insects, spiders, and their relatives) and certain fungi, such as this mushroom.