1. How, who, and why imperialism took place in Africa?

2. African Nations Gain Independence Today’s LEQ: How did many African nations gain independence following World War II?

3. Imperialism A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. Colonizing a region of the world and controlling it. Taking resources from it and growing your nation in doing so. Spreading a nations culture and religions upon others.

5. What challenges do you think Africans faced living under European colonial rule? How do you think African countries gained independence from European colonial governments?

6. Decolonization Process by which colonies become independent of the colonizing country. New nations are formed, thus new governments and leaders are created. HOW IS DECOLONIZATION ACHIEVED? WHAT COULD BE THE PROBLEMS WITH DECOLONIZATION?

7. British & French Colonies 1945, began process of decolonization – withdrawal of colonial powers from their colonies & areas of influence. Britain & France led the way by gradually leaving their colonies & granting them independence.

8. Ghana “Gold Coast” To gain independence, African leaders established a convention to demand greater participation in government. Goal: gain independence peacefully

9. Ghana At the same time, a less cooperative nationalist movement was brewing led by Kwame Nkrumah. Nkrumah established the Convention People’s Party (CPP), & led strikes & demonstrations. British response jail him.

10. Kwame Nkrumah

11. Protest Poster Pretend you are a member of the People’s Party and create a poster to protest against the British. Remember to include why a group would want to become independent.

12. Ghana Faced with growing support & pressure, the British agreed to allow elections in 1951. – While still in jail, Nkrumah was elected prime minister. – He was released. 1957, Britain granted the Gold Coast full self-government. 1 st British colony to achieve independence. Renamed Ghana

13. Primary Source Analysis Never before have a people had within their grasp so great an opportunity for developing a continent endowed with so much wealth. Individually, the independent states of Africa, some of them potentially rich, others poor, can do little for their people. Together, by mutual help, they can achieve much. But the economic development of the continent must be planned and pursued as a whole … Only a strong political union can bring about full and effective development of our natural resources for the benefit of our people. —Kwame Nkrumah, I Speak of Freedom: A Statement of African Ideology, 1961

14. Check for Understanding – What can you learn about Kwame Nkrumah by reading this excerpt? – How does Nkrumah view Africa’s future?

15. Kenya Two groups: white Kenyan farmers & native Kikuyu people. Kikuyu wanted their homeland back. White Farmers feared independence would cause them to lose large tracts of valuable cash crops, like coffee. Kikuyu leader, Jomo Kenyatta, argued for the Kikuyu’s right to the land & its importance.

16. Jomo Kenyatta

17. Kenya Kikuyu formed a violent movement called the “Mau Mau.” – Terrorized the highlands of Kenya. – Murdered anyone who opposed them, other Africans who cooperated with the white settlers. British regained control by murdering & torturing members of the Mau Mau. British went to the extreme put many in prison camps and torture rooms.

18. Kenya British regained control by murdering & torturing members of the Mau Mau. Random searches and checks took place. Forced all Africans to submit identification. If they were Mau Mau they were put in prison camps and torture rooms.

23. Kenya As time passed, Britain became convinced that it needed to decolonize. 1963, Kenya became an independent nation with Jomo Kenyatta as its first prime minister.

24. Faces of History: Jomo KENYATTA: 1894–1978 As a young man in the 1920s, Kenyatta joined a group that protested against Kenya’s white-minority government. As a member of the Kikuyu tribe of Kenya, Jomo Kenyatta spent most of his life fighting to gain more rights for the Kikuyu. In 1952 the Kenyan government arrested and jailed Kenyatta for leading a movement—called the Mau Mau— against European settlers in Kenya. Although, Kenyatta denied he had any involvement in the movement, he remained in jail for seven years. In 1963, several years after Kenyatta’s release from prison, Kenyans celebrated their independence and elected Kenyatta as their prime minister. Turn to your Diagonal Partner and Discus Why do you think Kenyans elected Kenyatta as prime minister?

25. French Africa African leaders wanted greater opportunities for self-rule, but did not want to break from France. – Economic & cultural benefits from continuing a relationship with France.

26. French Africa Africans in French Africa asked the French government if they could join and be a part of the governing body in the colonies. In turn they would give up more resources freely but would have a say in politics. France was hesitant about this and had their own problems back in France to worry about.

27. French Africa 1958, France gave its colonies the choice: remained tied to France or become independent. – Most colonies voted to be part of the French Community. – But a few years later, France granted most of its colonies independence.

28. Check for Understanding Dance Around How did the process of gaining independence differ for British & French colonies in Africa? What method in your opinion is the most successful

29. Portuguese & Belgian Colonies More difficult than what the British & French colonies experienced. Held onto their colonies longer than any other European powers. Only gave up their colonies when violence forced them to decolonize.

30. The Dutch Colony Dutch controlled South Africa. Dutch made up less 25% of population but had ultimate control over the colony. This caused major issues.

31. South Africa Early 1900s, run by white Afrikaners – descendants of the original Dutch settlers. Received independence from Britain in 1910 However; nonwhites were not free under the Afrikaner government. – Passed restrictive laws meant to limit the freedom of nonwhites.

32. South Africa 1948, instituted a policy of apartheid – (apartness) divided people: White, Black, Colored (mixed ancestry), & Asian. Banned interracial marriage, restricted land & business ownership. Blacks were required to carry ID books which indicated where they lived & worked.

33. South Africa Only white could vote or hold political office. Blacks (75% of the population) were denied citizenship & limited to low paying jobs. Blacks could only live in certain areas. The government ensured the black population would stay poor.

34. Check for Understanding What was apartheid, and how did it function?