1. Splash Screen

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Chapter Introduction
Section 1 Exploring Geography
Section 2 The Geographer’s Craft
Chapter Summary & Study Guide
Chapter Assessment
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Contents

3. Intro 1

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Section 1–4

5. The Elements of Geography
Geographers are specialists who describe Earth’s physical and human features and the interactions of people, places, and environments.
(pages 19–20)
Section 1–6

6. The World in Spatial Terms
Spatial relations means “relations in space”: how places, people, and features of the earth are connected because of their locations. 
Absolute location The exact latitude and longitude at which a place is found on the globe is its absolute location. 
Relative location Relative location describes a place’s location in relation to another place.
(pages 20–21)
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Section 1–8

7. Places and Regions
A place is a particular space on Earth with physical and human meaning. 
A region, larger than a place, is a group of places that are united by shared characteristics. 
A formal region, or uniform region, is an area defined by a common characteristic.
(page 21)
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Section 1–10

8. Places and Regions (cont.)
A functional region is a central place and the outlying areas linked to it by transit systems, for example. 
A perceptual region is defined by popular feelings and images rather than by objective data.
(page 21)
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Section 1–11

9. Physical Systems
Physical systems–volcanoes, floods, and hurricanes–shape the earth’s surface.
(pages 21–22)
Section 1–13

10. Human Systems
People affect the earth by settling it, forming societies, and migrating. 
People also move goods and ideas to new places.
(page 22)
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Section 1–15

11. Environment and Society
People affect the environment by clearing or planting forests, building industries and cities, and hunting animals. 
Features of the environment such as mountain ranges and deserts often pose barriers to human migration.
(page 22)
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Section 1–17

12. The Uses of Geography
Geographers provide important information about the planet’s physical features and processes, living things, and human systems. Such information describes the planet and contributes to planning for future needs.
(page 22)
Section 1–19

13. End of Section 1

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Section 2–3

15. Branches of Geography
Physical geography focuses on the study of Earth’s physical features. 
Human geography, or cultural geography, studies human activities and their relationship to the environment.
(pages 23–24)
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Section 2–5

16. Geographers at Work
Direct Observation Going to a geographic location to see what it is like is direct observation. 
Sometimes geographers rely on aerial or satellite photographs. 
Mapping Cartographers are people who design and make maps–graphic representations of places and regions and more complicated information about the relationships of people, places, and things.
(pages 24–26)
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Section 2–7

17. Geographers at Work (cont.)
Interviewing Cultural geographers often interview the people whose activities they study. 
Statistics Geographers use statistics to present data, find patterns, and study populations.
(pages 24–26)
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Section 2–9

18. Geographers at Work (cont.)
Technology Geographers use advanced technology–satellite photos, radar, and geographic information systems (GIS)–to study the environment, the weather, and human settlement patterns.
(pages 24–26)
Section 2–11

19. Geography and Other Disciplines
History and Government Geographers study history and government to understand changes that have taken place over time. 
Culture Human geographers study sociology and anthropology to learn how people have interacted with their environment over time.
(pages 26–27)
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Section 2–13

20. Geography and Other Disciplines
(cont.)
Economics Geographers study economics to understand how the location of resources affects the ways people make, transport, and use goods and provide services.
(pages 26–27)
Section 2–14

21. Geography as a Career
Knowledge of geography helps people who work in many other fields.
(page 27)
Section 2–16

22. End of Section 2