1. MOTIVATION & EMOTION

2. HUNGRY?
What motivates you to eat? Is it physiological (physical) factors or psychological (mental) factors? Could it be a combination of both? Did the pictures in the previous slides make you hungry? If they did, then you were psychologically motivated.

3. HUNGRY?
How could Need for Achievement have impacted the lives of these people?

4. Motivation is an internal state that activates behavior and directs it toward a goal

6. FOUR THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
Instincts
Drive-Reduction Theory
Incentive theory
Cognitive theory

7. INSTINCT THEORY
We are motivated by a variety of instincts (innate tendencies that determine behavior)
early 1900’s.
Do not explain behavior; simply label it

8. Drive-Reduction Theory
We have needs that produce drives (an internal condition that orients an individual toward a specific goal)
Biological needs drive us to action. We are motivated/driven to reduce our needs.
If we are hungry or thirsty, we become tense and agitated. To relieve the tension we act to fulfill our hunger or thirst.
Hunger drives us to eat
Fatigue drives us to rest
Focuses on physiological needs

9. It’s more than just a DRIVE……
Infant attachment to their mothers
Drive-Reduction Theory: Hunger & Thirst
Harry Harlow proved that a loving, comforting touch (contact comfort) motivated monkeys more than hunger or thirst. Incentives (things we learn to value) are a key to motivation
Harry Harlow helped prove that there is more to motivation that just satisfying our drives. His research greatly impacted the adoption process and stressed the importance of placing children with parents that can provide contact comfort as quickly as possible.

10. Drive Reduction Theory & Obesity

12. INCENTIVE THEORY
Incentives are an external stimulus, reinforcer, or reward that motivates behavior
Drives and Incentives work together
Hunger may cause you to walk to the café (drive). The incentive is the cheese steak.
If your drive is weak, our incentive must be strong
If our drive is strong enough, the incentive is less important

13. Actions are the result of Intrinsic & extrinsic motivations
COGNITIVE THEORY
Actions are the result of Intrinsic & extrinsic motivations
Intrinsic: comes from within. We engage in behaviors because they are personally rewarding
Extrinsic: comes from outside. We engage in behaviors that reduce biological needs or help us obtain incentives or external rewards

14. Biological Needs - physiological requirements necessary for survival
Social Needs – psychological needs acquired through learning and experience
Studies showed that Obese people eat because of external (social) cues more than normal weight people. What influences our eating habits?

15. Complete the Risky Behavior Worksheet on my website

16. BIOLOGICAL/PHYSIOLOGICAL HUNGER FACTORS
Our body and brain send cues that cause us to eat.
The stomach, liver, and intestines send hunger cues
The hypothalamus in the brain receives the cues from your organs and signals you to eat.
GENETIC HUNGER FACTORS
Inherited instructions found in our genes.
Determine metabolic rate
Everyone has a set point (a certain level of body fat that our bodies strive to maintain constant throughout our lives)
SOCIAL/PSYCHOLOGICAL HUNGER FACTORS
Things you learn about eating
Ex. Eating while watching television
Ex. Peer pressure to stay a certain weight

17. Sex & Motivation
Is the desire to have sex biologically motivated, socially motivated, or both?
Sex glands secrete hormones that control sexual interest (Biological)
status, peer pressure, money (Social)

18. MALE FEMALE GENDER INFLUENCE ON SEXUAL MOTIVATION
More interested in sex; initiate and think about sex more often
Less interested in sex
Want sex with more partners
Not as interested in sex with many partners
Desire sex without emotional commitment
Desire sex with emotional commitment
Focus on youth and physical attractiveness when choosing a sex partner
Focus on social and economic status when choosing a sex partner
Feel more jealous when partner is physically unfaithful
Feel more jealous when partner is emotionally unfaithful

19. Need for Achievement = Social Motive
Desire to set challenging goals and persist in trying to reach those goals
What role does it play in the life of a high school student?
Fear of Failure = Social motivate
How can fear of failure impact your motivation?

20. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Which needs do we satisfy first?

21. Complete “Maslow’s Hierarchy Analysis Worksheet” on my website.

22. EMOTIONS
Emotion is a set of complex reactions to stimuli involving subjective feelings, physiological arousal, and observable behavior.

23. Motivation & Emotion
Motivation is the source of our behavior. Emotion is the feelings associated with our behavior.
Emotions can function as motivation
i.e. Hit someone because you are angry
i.e. do it because it makes you happy

24. Four Components of Emotion
Interpret, appraise some stimulus (ex. Shark = serious threat)
Experience a feeling (fear, terror)
Physiological response (heart rate or breathing change)
Show observable behaviors (cry, panic, freeze)
We don’t know exactly how and why people feel emotions. There are several theories out there. They all agree that the four components are involved. They disagree on which order they occur.

25. Physiological Theories
There is a large debate on the order that the four basic components occur in.
Therefore, we have different theories on Emotion.
Physiological Theories
Cognitive Theories

26. Physiological Theories of Emotion
Main Belief – Emotions derive from physical changes in the body
Physiological changes MAY NOT CAUSE emotions but they certainly increase their intensity.
i.e. fear heightened when heart races (panic attack)

27. James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Willam James and Carl Lange came up with the James-Lange Theory of Emotion.
Based on our autonomic nervous system
The body changes and our mind interprets those changes as emotion.
“I’m afraid because I run”

28. Cognitive Theories of Emotion
Main Belief – Emotions result from mental processes and physiological changes working together

29. Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Say James-Lange theory is full of crap.
The physiological change and cognitive awareness must occur simultaneously.
They believed it was the thalamus that helped this happen.

30. Think – 2 cannons firing at the same time.
Physiological change (heart rate, breathing)
Cognitive awareness

31. Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Stanley Schachter explains emotions more completely than the other two theories.
They happen at the same time but…
Emotion is processed in the autonomic nervous system AND the cerebral cortex (conscious thought)
Includes cognitive appraisal

32. If you are in a falling vehicle heading toward the ground at 60 mph, your autonomic reaction would include heart racing and screaming. But if your cognitive appraisal says you are on a rollercoaster, then you have the emotion of “fun”

34. Complete “Emotions Worksheet” on my website.

35. Universal Facial Expressions
Paul Ekman – some facial expressions are universal & few of us (10 – 20%) could hide true emotions
How can this information help us in life?
Anger
Fear
Sadness
Surprise
Happiness
Disgust
Contempt
Contempt - the feeling with which a person regards anything considered mean, vile, or worthless; disdain; scorn OR the state of being despised; dishonor; disgrace.

36. Complete the “Facial Expression Test” on my website.