1. South Africa & Apartheid
US Global Studies 10
Mr. Riddlebarger

2. Apartheid Pronounced uh PAHR tayt
A policy of racial separation in South Africa from during most of the 20th Century.

3. South African history
1652: 1st permanent European settlement (Cape Town) established at tip of South Africa by Dutch settlers.
Supply port for shipping: Europe to East Indies
Dutch farmers (Boers) settle around the area.
Kill , enslave or oust inhabitants of area.
Used religion to justify view of Africans as inferior.
Over the years, Boers continue migrated North of Cape Town.

4. Zulu Nation
Early 1800’s, Zulu’s, under their leader Shaka, are a major force in Southern Africa
Zulu’s conquer other tribal groups which puts pressure on the region
1830’s: they will clash with the Boers over land

5. Zulus v. Boers Britain had taken over Cape Colony in 1815.
Boers resent British restrictions on laws outlawing slavery
They pack up and head on a northward migration, “The Great Trek”
As they expanded out, ultimately, two cultures will collide: Zulus vs. Boers.
Zulus hold own initially
Boers are mounted and well-armed and ultimately prevail (fighting until late 1800’s)

6. Boer War Gold & diamonds discovered on Boer lands in late 1800’s
Leads to a clash between Boers and British
Boer War ( ) is won by the British but at a great cost
Grew unpopular at home- concentration camps
1910: British unite Cape Colony and Boer lands into Union of South Africa

7. Union of South Africa
Creation of the Union of South Africa after Boer Wars will lay the foundation of a government with complete racial segregation
Run by whites
Lasts until 1993

8. 1910-’s to 1940’s Whites make up less than 20% of the population
Whites will strengthen their hold on South Africa
A system of racial segregation is set up to ensure white dominance in:
Economics
Politics
Society
Better paying jobs go to whites
Best lands went to whites; blacks moved to “reserves”
Black had to carry a pass (ID) at all times
No voting by blacks
Whites make up less than 20% of the population

10. Expansion of Apartheid
Apartheid system becomes more strict beginning in 1948
Separation of the races
Supporters say it will allow each race to develop its own culture
In fact, designed to ensure white control of South Africa
Blacks treated like foreigners in their own country.

11. Resistance
A nationalist movement (with some support from Christian churches & newspapers) begins demanding rights for blacks
African National Congress (ANC) is formed
Builds framework for political action that pays off years later
No impact is made upon the white South African government initially

12. Sharpeville ANC will organize marches & boycotts to protest apartheid
1960- police gun down 69 in peaceful demonstration in Sharpeville (black township)
Gov. will ban ANC & begins crackdown on those opposed to apartheid.

13. Impact Sharpeville pushes ANC to move toward an armed struggle
Nelson Mandela goes underground
He had been an organizer of peaceful resistance
Now joins militants for armed struggle
Arrested, tried and condemned to life in prison for treason against apartheid
Becomes a symbol for freedom & change.

14.
Mandela on trial (1964)
“I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons will live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal for which I hope to live for and to see realized. But, My Lord, if it needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.”

15. 1980’s International pressure upon South Africa increases
Demands to end apartheid
Release of Mandela
Many countries impose sanctions on South Africa
Bishop Desmond Tutu wins 1984 Nobel Peace Prize for nonviolent position on apartheid

16. Apartheid Ends
Pressure forces President F.W. de Klerk to end apartheid
1990: lifts ban on ANC & free Mandela
1994: all races can vote for the 1st time

17. Mandela Elected
Mandela is the 1st president of a truly democratic S. Africa
Helped heal wounds by bringing former enemies into his government
“Let us build together”
Today, large economic gap remains between races
Many social issues remain