1. Ch.15 Sect.2: The Challenges of Urbanization

2. Urban Opportunities Urbanization— Immigrants were city dwellers
Irish in 1890…
By 1910…
Americanization Movement—
Subjects taught to kids…
Ethnic Communities
Inventions sent workers to cities
African Americans…
Urban Opportunities

6. Urban Problems Two housing options: buy house or… Row houses Tenements
What did NY do?
Mass transit—

9. Water/Sanitation/Crime/Fire
New York and Cleveland built public waterworks
Homes seldom had indoor plumbing
Cholera and typhoid fever
Sewage flowed through open gutters, yuck!
Scavengers swept streets,…
NY had first full-time police force
How was fire a big problem?
Cincinnati had first full-time fire dept.

10. Great Chicago Fire

11. San Francisco

12. Reformers Mobilize Social Gospel Movement Settlement houses
Settlement houses ran by middle-class, college educated women
Offered classes
Jane Addams, Ellen Gates Starr-Chicago
Janie Barrett-Virginia

13. Ch.15 Sect.3:Politics in the Gilded Age

14. The Emergence of Political Machines
Gained control in…
The machine pyramid
Bottom are local precinct workers/captains
Ward boss
City boss

15. Role of Political Boss Boss controlled access to municipal jobs and…
Roscoe Conkling used power to build parks, sewers and waterworks
Provide govt. support for new businesses
Reinforce loyalty!
Many were immigrants
Machines helped immigrants with naturalization, jobs
Immigrants then provided…
Role of Political Boss

16. Municipal Graft and Scandal
Some machines turned to fraud
Graft—
Kick backs
Granted favors for cash
Boss Tweed
Tammany Hall
NY County Courthouse
What happened to Tweed?

17. Civil Service Replaces Patronage
Andrew Jackson
Reformers wanted an end
Civil service—
Rutherford B. Hayes elected 1876
The Stalwarts
James A. Garfield-Independent
Chester A. Arthur
Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883

18. Hayes

19. Garfield
Arthur

20. Business Buys Influence
Politicians turned to wealthy business owners
Democrats opposed high tariffs…
1884 Democrat won for 1st time in 28 years with…
1888 Benjamin Harrison from IN ran
Harrison won electoral but lost popular
1892 Cleveland won again, only president…
1897…

21. Cleveland
Harrison