1. Cognitive Development

2. Piaget: Preoperational Stage
Ages 2-7
Strength = Ability to use symbols
Symbols = words, objects, behaviors that stand for something else
Symbolic thought

3. Piaget: Concrete Operational Stage
Ages 7-11
Strengths = symbols + logic, flexibility, organization
Conservation, classification, perspective taking, seriation, spatial reasoning
Examples of concrete operational thought

4. Piaget: Concrete Operational Stage
Major Limitation: wedded to organization, logic, and concrete information that is perceived directly

5. Piaget: Stage limitations and strengths
Centration
Egocentrism
Conservation

7. Some examples:
Go to the Weebly site and view sample video clips of Piagetian tasks

8. Egocentrism and Perspective taking
Perspective taking = ability to take the perspective of another person. Understanding that one person's perception of reality might be quite different from your own.

9. Classification
Placement of objects in groups or categories according to some standard or criteria.
E.g., tulips and daisies

10. Appearance/reality
Ability to distinguish between the way things seem to be and the way things really are.
DeVries
Flavell

11. Some examples
Go to the Weebly site and view video clip examples

12. Theory of Mind
The ability to think about other people’s mental states, emerges during preschool years
False-belief task: testing whether children know that we can have incorrect beliefs about a situation if those beliefs have not been corrected

13. Understanding of number
1. One-to-one correspondence rule: each number word is assigned to one object, each object gets one number word. (by around age 4) 
2. Cardinality rule - the last number spoken is the answer to the "how many?" question. (by around age 4)
3. Order-irrelevance principle - most abstract principle, order in which you count the objects doesn't matter - the number will still be the same. (by around age 5 or 6)

14. Children’s Drawings
1. Scribble: not as concerned with the "look" of the product as with the enjoyment of moving their hands
2. Age 3 - begin to recognize that lines can represent things, boundaries of objects, draw circles often, start to draw people

15. Children’s Drawings 3. By 5 - start to set drawings in scenes
4. Age with age more likely to adopt stereotyped ways of depicting objects, also more likely to incorporate motion, rhythm, greater realism - more interested in mirroring reality

16. Children’s Drawings
Includes many cognitive components and aspects of theories: regular series of stages (Piaget), stages in drawing may be tied to the ability to hold several aspects of an object in mind

17. Significance of aggression
Examples
Go to Weebly
Site and view clip on
aggression and write a
short reaction

18. Significance of aggression
Bullying
School-violence
Stability
Developmental outcomes

19. How do we define aggression?
General definition: behavior intended to harm or injure a living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment
Hostile aggression:
Instrumental aggression: