1. ARTHROLOGIA
Joint (articulation) is the connection point between the bones that forms the skeleton. Joints are mainly classified functionally, structurally and anatomically.
Arthron (Gr. = Joint)
Arthroscopy (imaging)
Arthropathy (disorder)
Arthritis (inflammation)
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2. Anatomical classification
Anatomical classification is determined according to the number of bones that form the joint. Three main parts anatomically;
Simple joints have two articulating bones and surfaces
Compound joints have three or more articulating bones and surfaces
Complex joints have articular discs or meniscus
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3. Functional classification
Functional classification is determined according to the type and degree of movement between the articulating bones that they allow.
Synarthroses (immovable)
Amphiarthroses (Slightly mobile)
Diarthroses (Freely movable)
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4. Functional classification
Synarthroses is a type of joint which permits very little or no movement under normal conditions. Because of the fixed tight union, it has great strength.
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5. Functional classification
Amphiarthroses is a type of joint allowing very limited movement because the bones are connected by FIBROCARTILAGE. Such joints occur between adjacent vertebrae or between the ribs and the breast bone.
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6. Functional classification
Diarthroses is the most common and most movable type of joint in the body of a mammal.
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7. Structural classification
Structural classification is determined by how the bones connect to each other. The joints are named and divided according to the type of binding tissue that connects the bones to each other.
There are three structural classifications of joints;
Articulatio Fibrosa
Articulatio Cartilaginea
Articulatio Synovialis
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8. Art. fibrosa Coto It has no joint cavity between joint surface.
It is articulated by dense regular connective tissue that is rich in collagen fibers. There are three types of fibrous joint;
1- Sutura (between the skull bones) (immovable)
Sutura serrata – like a saw
Sutura squamosa – like a fish scale
Sutura foliata – like a sheet
Sutura plana – like a plane
2- Gomphosis (art.dentoalveolaris) (immovable)
3- Syndesmosis (fibrous ligament attaches the joint surface) (Slightly movable)
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9. Art. cartilaginea
It is connected entirely by cartilage. It has no joint cavity between joint surface. It has two types of joints;
- Synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage connects the surface, ossify with age) (Immovable)
- Symphysis (fibrous cartilage connects the surface. Do not ossify) (slightly movable)
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10. Art. synovialis
The type of joint covered by hyaline cartilage, surround by fibrous capsule and has joint cavity that is filled by synovial fluid. (Movable)
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11. Parts of the synovial joint
Facies articularis (caput-fossa) and Cartilago articularis (hyaline)
Capsula articularis and Cavum articulare (negative press)
- Membrana fibrosa
- Membrana synovialis
***Synovia (clear, egg white like)
the principal role of synovial fluid is to reduce
friction between the articular cartilage of
synovial joints during movement.
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12. Parts of the synovial joint
Supporting structures;
Ligamenta
- extracapsular
- intracapsular
Discus articularis
Meniscus articularis
Labrum articulare
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13. Movements of Joints Coto Angular movements
- Flexion (decreasing angle)
- Extension (increasing angle)
- Abduction (away from the midline)
- Adduction (toward the midline)
Rotation
-Pronation (internal rotation)
-Supination (external rotation)
Circumdiction
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14. Types of the synovial joint
Art.spheroidea (socket): allows all motion
Art.ellipsoidea (condylaris) : flexion and extension
Art.sellaris (saddle): flexion and extension
Art.trochoidea (pivot): rotation
Ginglymus (hinge): flexion and extension
Art.bicondylaris : flexion, extension, rotation
Art.plana (gliding) : no movement
Art.delabens (sledge) :
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