1. CHAPTER 8 Section 1 Terms, People, and Places
William (of Normandy) theConqueror
Common Law
King John
Magna Carta
Due Process of Law
Habeas Corpus
Parliament
Louis IX
Domain
Hundred Years War
Joan of Arc

2. William (of Normandy) the Conqueror – He becomes King of England after winning the battle of Hastings. Created the Domesday Book (Census) to establish and enforce taxes. He was a tough and ruthless descendant of the Vikings.
Common Law – A legal system based on customs and court rulings.
King John – Fought war with France’s King Philip II and his High Taxes resulted in signing the Magna Carta.

3. Magna Carta – The great charter that limited King John’s power placed the King under the rule of law it limited the increase taxes, and protected the citizens from unlawful jail sentences.
Due Process of Law – Requirement that governments act fairly according to a set of rules.
Habeas Corpus – The idea that no person can be held in prison without being charged with a specific crime.
Parliament – The governing body in England (legislature). The Magna Carta help limit the King’s power.

4. Louis IX – Led France in 2 Crusades and is named a saint.
Domain – Territory under one ruler.
Hundred Years War – English claims to French lands. As a result French Kings expanded power.
Joan of Arc – Rallied French Troops was made a saint after she was tried as a heretic and burned at the stake.

5. CHAPTER 8 Section 2 Terms, People, and Places
Holy Roman Empire
Henry IV
Pope Gregory VII
Lay Investiture
Frederick Barbarossa
Pope Innocent III
Confront
Concordat of Worms

6. Holy Roman Empire – West-Central European Empire
Henry IV – Excommunicated by Pope Gregory for arguing Lay Investiture
Pope Gregory VII – During Henry IV rule as Holy Roman Emperor, the conflict between Monarchs and the Church erupted.
Lay Investiture – Appointment of Bishops by anyone who is not a member of the clergy.

7. Frederick Barbarossa – His son married an heiress of Sicily for his goal to add Italy to his rule. His attempts result in him losing unity within his own territory.
Pope Innocent III – In 1198 the powerful pope claimed (Papal) supremacy over all other rulers.
Confront – To come face to face with.
Concordat of Worms – Gave the church the sole power to elect and invest Bishops with spiritual authority.

8. CHAPTER 8 Section 3 Terms, People, and Places
Crusades
Holy Land
Pope Urban II
Reconquista
Ferdinand and Isabella
Inquisition
Diverse
Saladin

9. Crusades – A series of religiously inspire wars that lasted for approximately 200 years. In the end Muslims gained control of the Holy Land ( ). Following the crusades trade and exploration increased within Western Europe.
Holy Land – Jerusalem and its surrounding area in Palestine where Jesus lived and preached.
Pope Urban II – Called for a crusade to free the Holy Land.

10. Reconquista – Campaign to drive Muslims from Spain and reclaim lands for Christians. During this time Spain was not considered a strong nation state.
Ferdinand and Isabella – made a final push against the Muslim stronghold of Granada. In 1492, Granada fell. The Reconquista was complete.
Inquisition – Church court set up to try people accused of Heresy.
Diverse – Varied; different
Saladin – Muslim Leader who is remembered for his compassion to Christians and Jewish religious followers.

11. CHAPTER 8 Section 4 Terms, People, and Places
Scholasticism
Thomas Aquinas
Vernacular
Dante Alighieri
Geoffrey Chaucer
Gothic Style
Flying Buttresses
Illumination
Initiate
Cruciform
Naïve
Medieval Universities

12. Scholasticism – School of thought using logic and reason to support Christian beliefs.
Thomas Aquinas – In a monumental work, Summa Theologica, he concluded that faith and reason exist in harmony.
Vernacular – Everyday language
Dante Alighieri – Italian poet who wrote the Divine Comedy in the early 1300’s.

13. Geoffrey Chaucer – An English writer, who wrote the Canterbury Tales, a story about a band of pilgrims traveling to Saint Thomas Becket’s tomb.
Gothic Style – Architectural style featuring ribbed vaulting, flying buttresses, pointed arches, stained glass windows.
Flying Buttresses – Stone supports on the outside of building.
Illumination – A method of illustrating books using detailed design and vivid colors.

14. Initiate – To start: to introduce.
Cruciform – The structure and the floor plan of most medieval cathedrals.
Naïve – The section of the church where the congregation, or people, sit
Medieval Universities – They are best explained by having strict schedules.

15. CHAPTER 8 Section 5 Terms, People, and Places
Black Death
Epidemic
Inflation
Schism
Longbow
Authorize

16. Black Death – The plague’s other name
Black Death – The plague’s other name. It spread through Europe on fleas and rats. The plague took approximately 25 million Europeans lives. People turned to magic and witchcraft for cures. The economic result was an increase in labor costs with fewer people left to work.
Epidemic – Outbreak of rapidly spreading disease

17. Inflation – A rise in prices linked to a rise in the money supply.
Schism – Permanent division in the church when the Papal court was moved to France.
Longbow – Improved medieval archery weapon.
Authorize – To have permission.

18. William of Normandy Actions Effects
Fought Harold to control England in the battle of Hastings
Created Domesday Book
Allows for English and French cultures to mix
Thorough system for collecting taxes

19. Henry II Actions Effects Accepted local customs as law – Common Law
Used traveling justices to help cases
Argued over whether he could try clergy in his courts
People use his court instead of church or nobility
Allowed for juries of common people to help determine cases
Archbishop Thomas Becket argued and was murdered by Henry’s knights

20. King John Actions Effects Fought war with France’s King Philip II
Disagreed with Pope Innocent III about archbishop choice
Placed high taxes on his people
Lost land in France
England placed under interdict had to pay a fee to Rome to undo
Forced to sign the Magna Carta
Citizens have rights
King must obey laws
Parliament / Legislature

21. Pope innocent iii Claimed papal supremacy over all leaders
Placed England under interdict when King John tried to appoint new archbishop at Canterbury
Placed France under interdict when Philip II tried to annul his marriage

22. Philip ii (Augustus) Actions Effects
Appointed middle- class men to work for him = loyalty
Granted many charters
Established national taxes
Won foreign controlled lands
Became the most powerful ruler in Europe after beating King John to gain control of French Lands

23. Louis ix Actions Effects Deeply religious man Led France in 2 Crusades
Persecuted heretics and Jews
Church declared him a Saint

24. Philip iv Actions Effects Tried to tax the clergy
Papal court moved to France
Formed the Estates General with reps. From 3 classes
Created tensions with Pope Boniface VIII
Rome elected its own Pope creating tensions in the Church
Established loyalty from people but never gained much strength

25. Otto I
Actions
Effects
Worked closely with the church helping to keep down rebels
Crowned “emperor” of the HRE consisting of Germany and Italy

26. Henry IV Actions Effects
Disagreed with Pope Gregory VIIIs ban of lay investiture feeling it was his right since he granted them fiefs
Asked forgiveness to keep throne
Continued to struggle for power over the church
Excommunicated by Pope Gregory
Was embarrassed se he forced Pope into exile
Both sides agree to the Concordat of Worms (church elect bishops and kings grant fiefs)

27. Frederick Barbarossa Actions Effects
Arranged marriage of his son to heiress of Sicily
His son, Frederick II, fought over Italy for several years
Guaranteed HRE would be involved in Italian dealings
Left German states divided with power – it will not become a nation state until much later than other European countries