1. AP Human Geography Unit 2
Migration
AP Human Geography
Unit 2

3. Migration Terms Mobility Migration (vs. Circulation) Net Migration
Circulation—“short term”
Migration (vs. Circulation)
Emigration
Immigration
Net Migration
Net in-migration: Immigrants > Emigrants:
Net out-migration: Immigrants < Emigrants
CIA Worldfactbook, April 2006

4. E.G. Ravenstein’s “Laws of Migration”
Most people migrate for economic reasons.
Cultural & environmental factors may also be important, but not as important as economics
Most migrants move a short distance, and stay within a country.
Long-distance migrants go to major centers of economic activity.
Most long-distance migrants are males.
Most long-distance migrants are adults, not families with their children.
**Theory of Human Migration:1885**

5. Causes of Migration Push vs. Pull Factors ECONOMIC CULTURAL
North Dakota Oil Boom
CULTURAL
Iraq War (2003-present)
ENVIRONMENTAL
Hurricane Katrina (2005)

6. Why did people migrate to the USA? Pull Push Check Answers
Overcrowding
in Europe
Overcrowding
in Europe
Overcrowding
in Europe
Plenty of food
in USA
Plenty of food
in USA
Plenty of food
in USA
Persecution of
Russian Jews
Persecution of
Russian Jews
Persecution of
Russian Jews
Poverty
in Europe
Poverty
in Europe
Poverty
in Europe
The US Bill
of Rights
The US Bill
of Rights
The US Bill
of Rights
Higher pay for
US workers
Higher pay for
US worker
Check
Answers
Higher pay for
US workers
European
class system
European
class system
European
class system
Religious
freedom in US
Religious
freedom in US
Religious
freedom in US

7. Net-migration Using the Population Data Sheet…
Identify the three countries with the highest “net in-migration” rate.
What would be likely pull factors?
Identify the three countries with the highest “net out-migration” rate.
What would be likely push factors?
What problems does using the rate versus the raw number present?

9. Refugee

10. Refugee
Global Refugees—There are about 20,000,000 refugees or internally displaced persons worldwide, (estimates vary a lot). The top 10 sources of refugees, asylum seekers and internally displaced persons in 2005 were:
Afghanistan: 1,908,100
Sudan: 693,300
Burundi: 438,700
DR Congo: 4,430,600
Somalia: 394,800
Vietnam: 358,200
Palestinians: 349,700 [or more than 4,300,000, depending on definitions]
Iraq: 262,100
Azerbaijan: 233,700
Liberia: 231,100

11. US Refugee Policy
Who is a refugee? In the US [under the Immigration and Nationality Act, Section 101(a)(42)]:
The term 'refugee' means: (A) any person who is outside any country of such person's nationality … who is unable or unwilling to return to, and is unable or unwilling to avail himself or herself of the protection of, that country because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion, or (B) in such circumstances as the President … may specify, any person … who is persecuted or who has a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.

12. US Refugee Policy “Wet-foot vs. Dry-foot policy” (1995) Cuba vs. Haiti
Cuban migrant apprehended in the water is sent back home vs. Cuban who makes it to the U.S. shore, and can qualify for legal permanent resident status and US citizenship
Awkward Arrangement—
Coast Guard frequently use water cannons to steer boats away from the US coast
Cuban migrant running through the surf trying to escape an immigration officer to make it to “dry land”
2006—15 Cubans were found clinging to a piling off of the coast and sent back to Cuba
“Shout Rule”—have to specifically state your fear of return
Cuba vs. Haiti

13. US Refugee Policy
US Refugees: —The ceiling on US refugee admissions is 70,000 per year Africa 20,000 25,000 20,000 20,000 East Asia 4,000 6,500 13,000 15,000 Eastern Europe 2,500 na na na The Former Soviet Union 14,000 na na na Europe &Central Asia na 13,500 9,500 15,000 Latin America & Caribbean 2,500 3,500 5,000 5,000 Near East & South Asia 7,000 2,000 2,500 5,000 Unallocated Reserve 20,000 20,000 20,000 10,000

14. US Refugee Policy
Africa 12,000 12,000 East Asia 18,000 17,000 Europe and Central Asia 2,000 2,000 Latin America & Caribbean 5,500 5,000 Near East & South Asia 35,500 31,000 Unallocated Reserve 3,000 3,000 Ceiling 76,000 70,000

15. South Sudan Dependency Ratio—82% Literacy—27% TFR—5.43
Youth—76%
Literacy—27%
TFR—5.43
**2014 statistics**
GDP per capita--$1,400
(2013)

16. Migration
According to Ravenstein, describe the typical migrant? (ie. gender, cause, location, etc.)
Is this still accurate?
Describe who you believe to be the typical migrant today.
What are the time periods in which the US has experienced the greatest in-migration? What were the push/pull factors?

17. Migrant Characteristics
Is Ravenstein still correct?
Today, in the US, most international immigrants are women, not men.
Although most immigrants to the US are still single adults, increasing numbers of immigrants are children (17 years of age or less).
Mexican migrants to the US come from the interior.
Why the change?
Those on the Mexican border already benefit from trade and jobs in the us on the border

18. Migration Patterns Wilbur Zelinsky… Demographic Transition
Migration patterns change depending on demographic stage
Stage 2—international migration, also rural to urban migration
Examples?
Stage 3 & 4—internal migration, also urban to suburban , the destination of those in stage 2

19. Migration Patterns Gravity Model Step Migration
Migration=Population/Distance (M=P/D)
Also relates to trade, services, etc.
Step Migration
Chain migration
Brain Drain

20. Migration Terms Intervening Obstacle— International Migration
Environmental (ie. oceans)
Cultural (ie. laws)
International Migration
Voluntary vs. Forced Migration
Internal Migration
Interregional Migration
Intraregional Migration (ie. rural to urban, Counterurbanization)
Most typical
It refers to the social process by which immigrants from a particular town follow others from that town to a particular city or neighborhood, whether in an immigrant receiving country or in a new, usually urban, location in the home country. The term also refers to the process of foreign nationals immigrating to a new country under laws permitting their reunification with family members already living in the destination country. This mechanism is also known as serial migration.
Chain migration can be defined as a “movement in which prospective migrants learn of opportunities, are provided with transportation, and have initial accommodation and employment arranged by means of primary social relationships with previous migrants.”
U.S. side of the border is uninhabited and separated from Mexico by a fence

21. Global Migration Patterns
Only 5% of the world’s population are international migrants (still more than 300 million people)
Net out-migration areas: Asia, Latin America and Africa
Net in-migration areas: North America, Europe, Oceania

22. US Immigration Patterns
1st Era: Colonial Period ( )
2 million Europeans (90% British), 650,000 Africans
Why/Results
California is the destination of about 25% of all US immigrants; another 25% go to New York and New Jersey.

23. US Immigration Patterns
2nd Era: Later European Migration (1840s-1930s)
1st Peak (1840s-1850s)—4.3 million (German/Irish)
Stage 2 (Migration transition)—repeatedly… “safety valve”
2nd Peak (1880s)—German, Irish, Scandinavian
3rd Peak ( )—Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary
1910—14% of US population was 1st/2nd generation immigrant

24. US Immigration Patterns
3rd Era: Modern Immigration (1970s to Present)
Asian—1970s-1980s (China, Philippines, India, Vietnam)—7 million
Latin American—1980s-Present (Mexico, Dominican Rep, El Salvador)
Today: Asian migrants outnumber Latin American (as of 2013)…recent shift to Central America

25. US Immigration Policy Evolution of American immigration policy…
Incentivized immigration—largely up to 1924
Indentured servitude, slavery
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
also introduced the “Head Tax” of 50 cents a person
Quota System and Border Patrol established (1924)
Amnesty (1986)—one time
Applied to those arriving before 1982
“Brain Drain”

26. US Immigration Policy Undocumented Immigration
No one knows how many immigrants are in the US illegally
Mexico
Central America, Asia, Europe
Enter illegally; or “overstay” visas
Inconsistencies…Haiti vs. Cuba
Economic vs. Political migrants (political asylum)
California, Texas, and Florida are the leading
destinations for undocumented immigrants to the
U.S.

27. US Immigration Policy
DREAM Act (proposed 2011)—Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Act
Permit immigrant students who have grown up in the U.S. to apply for temporary legal status and to eventually obtain permanent legal status and become eligible for U.S. citizenship if they go to college or serve in the U.S. military (8 year commitment)
Came to the U.S. at age 15 or younger at least five years before the date of the bill’s enactment and who have maintained good moral character since entering the U.S.
**President Obama has stopped deportation of immigrants meeting the DREAM criteria under the Deferred Action of Childhood Arrivals (DACA)**

28. US Immigration Policy
Should the US take greater measures to stop illegal immigration?
Aren’t these people just pursuing the same dreams our ancestors did?
What would happen to US industries without immigration? Are these employers culpable?
“Illegal” vs. “unauthorized”

29. Immigration Policies 36% Luxembourg 5% Denmark 19% Switzerland
9% Austria
9% Germany
9% Belgium
6% France
6% Sweden
5% Denmark
4% Netherlands
4% Norway
4% UK
3% Ireland
2% Spain
2% Italy
Foreign Born as % of European populations

30. Immigration Policies
Guest Workers— temporarily for employment, not considered permanent migrants
Middle East—wealthy oil states import workers from the Philippines, Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh
Foreign workers represent 60 to 90% of labor force in most oil-exporting countries
Time-contract workers— Chinese migrants in Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand
Spanish youths attacked Moroccan immigrants in El Ejido, Spain after an alleged murder.

31. Immigration Policies
Canada—shortage of skilled labor led to liberal policy visa policy for visas skilled workers, immigrants make up 21.3% of the population (2013)
Japan—finally embraced a point system (academic, business, research background) to allow visa application , immigrants only make up 1.7% of the population
Australia—anyone not carrying a valid visa to be an illegal and is sent to an immigrant detention center (also found in Switzerland amongst other countries), this includes children (1,062 as of Feb. 2013)
Australian Detention Center or
“Immigration Residential Housing”

32. Immigration Policies
Denmark—offers a cash incentive for immigrants to leave, both the Danish spouse and the foreign spouse must be at least 24 years old (has the unintended effect of separating families) to be granted citizenship
Sweden—largely welcomes refugees and immigrants, opposition has increased with recent riots resulting from high unemployment
United Kingdom—the immigrant population has doubled (7.5 million) between , increasing numbers of overstayed visa applicants has resulted in the government requiring applicants pay a 1,000 pound ($1,500) bond, only to be returned when the applicant leaves
Qatar—”Kafala system,” ties foreign workers to their employers, confiscate passports and often force workers to sleep ten to a room, estimated 40 workers die every month, 1.4 million in the country

33. March, 2013

34. Internal Migration Interregional Migration
Spreading westward since colonial times.
Southern shift since the 1980s
Intraregional Migration—migration within a single region
Rural to Urban
Cities to suburbs
1800, 5% of the US population lived in suburbs
75% of the US population now lives in suburbs
Counter-urbanization
Average annual migrations between regions

35. Internal Migration
The center of U.S. population has consistently moved westward, with the migration of
people to the west. It has also begun to move southward with migration to the
southern sunbelt.

36. Intraregional Migration in the U.S.
Includes:
Central Business District (Central City)
Transition (Inner Suburbs)
Suburbs
Rural Ares
Average annual migration (in millions) among urban, suburban, and rural areas in the
U.S. During the 1990s. The largest flow was from central cities to suburbs.

37. Net Migration by County, 2000-04
Rural counties in the southwest and Florida have had net in-migration, while there has
been net out-migration from rural counties in the Great Plains

38. Internal Migration Brazil – migration from the coast to the interior
Indonesia –migration from Java to less populated islands
Russia (Soviet) –forced and voluntary migration to the west
India – limits migration
Europe – migrants moving from South/East to North
Brasilia was created as Brazil’s new capital
In 1960 and since then has attracted
Thousands of migrants in search of jobs.

39. Population and Migration Exam Review
What are the two most likely discussion questions?
Identify the three most important models for this unit
These are the five most important vocabulary words.

40. FRQ Expectations
Definitions and Explanations—should be a minimum of 2 sentences
Examples/Identification—I expect everyone to provide an additional example regardless of what they require (ie. If I ask for two examples of interregional migration, you must provide a third—and will be graded on all three!!!)
Lead with the your most confident response
Other reminders—
Underline important words or phrases
They are looking for accurate information presented in clear, concise manner. VAGUE is the enemy
Most questions are broken into parts (ie. A and B)—Label each part of your response