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Parts of an Urban Area central business district CBD zone of transition suburbs
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Central business district (CBD): the central nucleus of commercial land uses in a city.
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Activities and structures typically found in a city’s Central Business District (CBD):
Business services
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shops (retail)
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City government (court house)
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Structures: the tallest buildings
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city hall
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major hotels
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museums Museum of Contemporary Art (MOCA)
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Why are these activities and structures located in the CBD?
Accessibility (can support services with a large threshold and range)
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Zone in transition: area of mixed commercial and residential land uses surrounding the CBD.
Warehouses
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Apartment buildings public housing New York from Bronx
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Older residential neighborhoods
gentrified buildings
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Zone of transition: elderly in the Netherlands
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Suburbs are residential areas surrounding a large urban area.
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People are attracted to suburbs in part because suburbs are characterized by private land surrounding the house.
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The largest percentage of the U.S. population lives in the suburbs
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Edge cities: nodal concentrations of shopping and office space that are situated on the outer fringes of metropolitan areas, typically near major highway intersections.
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Edge cities: suburban downtowns
FR What kinds of activities and structures are typically found in Edge Cities? FR How do CBDs and Edge Cities differ? Edge cities: suburban downtowns activities: Shopping office space/jobs Entertainment Edge City: Tysons Corner, Virginia
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Edgecity
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structures: Malls office parks movie theaters suburban housing major highway intersections.
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A business/office park is an area of land in which many office buildings are grouped together. These are popular in many suburban locations, where it is cheaper to develop land because of the lower land costs and the lower building costs for building wider, not necessarily higher.
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They are also often located near highways or main roads.
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Edge cities In Southern California: _________
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Examples:
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Bid rent theory is a geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District increases. It states that different land users will compete with one another for land close to the city center. This is based upon the idea that retail establishments wish to maximize their profitability, so they are much more willing to pay more money for land close to the CBD and less for land further away from this area. This theory is based upon the reasoning that the more accessible an area, the more profitable.
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A great example of distance decay
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Three urban land (structure) use models of North American cities.
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Burgess Concentric (has a common center/circles) Zone Model, 1925
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Burgess: Bulls eye
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Chicago is a good location in which to develop urban models because it is located on a flat prairie.
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Zone 1 The central business district (CBD) 2 Zone of transition Rooming houses, small apartments, and tenements attract the lowest income segment Immigrants to the city first live in this zone in small dwelling units.
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Example In Southern California: _________
Compton, Inglewood
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3 Zone of independent workers’ homes
Located close to factories of zones 1 and 2 Often characterized by ethnic neighborhoods — blocks of immigrants who broke free from the ghettos Spreading outward because of pressure from transition zone and because blue-collar workers demanded better housing
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Example In Southern California: ______________
Compton, Inglewood
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4 Zone of better residence
The fourth zone has newer and more spacious houses for middle-class families. Established city dwellers, many of whom moved outward with the first streetcar network Commute to work in the CBD
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Example In Southern California: ______________
Compton, Inglewood
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5 Commuter’s zone beyond the continuous built-up area of the city. Some people who work in the center nonetheless choose to live in smaller suburbs. Located either on the farthest extension of the trolley or commuter railroad lines Spacious lots and large houses Example In Southern California:_________________________
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Invasion and succession: a process of neighborhood change whereby one social (economic) or ethnic group succeeds another in a residential area.
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Eventually, people and economic activities in the center are pushed out into farther rings. Invasion and succession is essentially a series of migration waves, with one group moving in and establishing itself.
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Because of this constant invasion and succession pattern, often a ring known as the zone in transition forms just outside the CBD. This ring never becomes developed because investors know it will constantly be caught in the shifting urban pattern.
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Theory represented the American city in a new stage of development
Before the 1870s, cities such as New York had mixed neighborhoods where merchants’ stores and sweatshop factories were intermingled with mansions and hovels Rich and poor, immigrant and native-born, rubbed shoulders in the same neighborhoods 19th Century New York
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In Chicago, Burgess’s home town, the great fire of 1871 leveled the core
The result of rebuilding was a more explicit social patterning Chicago became a segregated city with a concentric pattern This was the city Burgess used for his model
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Critics of the model Pointed out even though portions of each zone did exist, rarely were they linked to totally surround the city Burgess countered there were distinct barriers, such as old industrial centers, preventing the completion of the arc Others felt Burgess, as a sociologist, overemphasized residential patterns and did not give proper credit to other land uses
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Hoyt Sector Model 1939 sectors or wedges
Cities that have not been dominated by successive waves of migrant or immigrant ethnic groups tend to be organized around the linear development of two main features that grow outward from the CBD: industrial districts high-class residential districts. sectors or wedges
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Example In Southern California: _______________
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Compton, Inglewood
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Harris-Ulman Multiple Nuclei Model: a city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve. New Patterns: The Polycentric Metropolis Six Common Types of Nodes Within the Polycentric Metropolis The Traditional Downtown Center Newer Business Centers Internal Edge Cities External Edge Cities Outermost Edge-City Complexes Specialized Subcenters
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Outlying Business Districts, and/or heavy manufacturing are the other nuclei besides the CBD
New Patterns: The Polycentric Metropolis Six Common Types of Nodes Within the Polycentric Metropolis The Traditional Downtown Center Newer Business Centers Internal Edge Cities External Edge Cities Outermost Edge-City Complexes Specialized Subcenters
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The multiple nuclei theory best explains why different neighborhoods of a city attract people of different ethnic origin.
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Integrated model of a large U.S. city
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FR Assess/evaluate the three models of urban structure of North American cities.
If the models are combined they are useful. Most people live near others that have similar characteristics.
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Negative aspect of models (Feminist Critiques)
They ignore dual-income families (Not all households have a single bread winner who commutes everyday) They ignore households headed by single women.
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Most women seek employment locations closer to their homes than do men, and this applies to almost all women, not just those with small children.
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Not all people have kids
Some like to live in urban setting and see suburban life as boring
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These people are often called Yuppies (short for "young urban professional" or "young upwardly-mobile professional") is a term that first came into use in the late 1980s which refers to a financially secure, upper-middle-class young person in their twenties or early thirties.
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DINKS: Dual (or double) income, no kids
DINKS: Dual (or double) income, no kids. Or DINKY Dual (or double) income, no kids yet. DINK is sometimes used in reference to gay and lesbian couples who are childless. This may also be a more appropriate term for heterosexual couples who prefer not to have children and consider themselves childfree
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