1. Parts of an Urban Area
central business district CBD
zone of transition
suburbs

2. Central business district (CBD): the central nucleus of commercial land uses in a city.

3. Activities and structures typically found in a city’s Central Business District (CBD):
Business services

4. shops (retail)

5. City government (court house)

6. Structures:
the tallest buildings

7. city hall

8. major hotels

9. museums
Museum of Contemporary Art (MOCA)

10. Why are these activities and structures located in the CBD?
Accessibility (can support services with a large threshold and range)

11. Zone in transition: area of mixed commercial and residential land uses surrounding the CBD.
Warehouses

12. Apartment buildings
public housing
New York from Bronx

20. Older residential neighborhoods
gentrified buildings

21. Zone of transition: elderly in the Netherlands

22. Suburbs are residential areas surrounding a large urban area.

23. People are attracted to suburbs in part because suburbs are characterized by private land surrounding the house.

24. The largest percentage of the U.S. population lives in the suburbs

26. Edge cities: nodal concentrations of shopping and office space that are situated on the outer fringes of metropolitan areas, typically near major high­way intersections.

27. Edge cities: suburban downtowns
FR What kinds of activities and structures are typically found in Edge Cities? FR How do CBDs and Edge Cities differ?
Edge cities: suburban downtowns
activities:
Shopping
office space/jobs
Entertainment
Edge City: Tysons
Corner, Virginia

28. Edgecity

29. structures:
Malls
office parks
movie theaters
suburban housing
major high­way intersections.

30. A business/office park is an area of land in which many office buildings are grouped together. These are popular in many suburban locations, where it is cheaper to develop land because of the lower land costs and the lower building costs for building wider, not necessarily higher.

31. They are also often located near highways or main roads.

32. Edge cities In Southern California: _________

34. Examples:

36. Bid rent theory is a geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District increases. It states that different land users will compete with one another for land close to the city center. This is based upon the idea that retail establishments wish to maximize their profitability, so they are much more willing to pay more money for land close to the CBD and less for land further away from this area. This theory is based upon the reasoning that the more accessible an area, the more profitable.

37. A great example of distance decay

38. Three urban land (structure) use models of North American cities.

39. Burgess Concentric (has a common center/circles) Zone Model, 1925

41. Burgess: Bulls eye

42. Chicago is a good location in which to develop urban models because it is located on a flat prairie.

45. Zone 1
The central business district (CBD)
2 Zone of transition
Rooming houses, small apartments, and tenements attract the lowest income segment
Immigrants to the city first live in this zone in small dwelling units.

46. Example In Southern California: _________
Compton, Inglewood

47. 3 Zone of independent workers’ homes
Located close to factories of zones 1 and 2
Often characterized by ethnic neighborhoods — blocks of immigrants who broke free from the ghettos
Spreading outward because of pressure from transition zone and because blue-collar workers demanded better housing

48. Example In Southern California: ______________
Compton, Inglewood

49. 4 Zone of better residence
The fourth zone has newer and more spacious houses for middle-class families.
Established city dwellers, many of whom moved outward with the first streetcar network
Commute to work in the CBD

50. Example In Southern California: ______________
Compton, Inglewood

51. 5 Commuter’s zone
beyond the continuous built-up area of the city.
Some people who work in the center nonetheless choose to live in smaller suburbs.
Located either on the farthest extension of the trolley or commuter railroad lines
Spacious lots and large houses
Example In Southern California:_________________________

54. Invasion and succession: a process of neighborhood change whereby one social (economic) or ethnic group succeeds another in a residential area.

55. Eventually, people and economic activities in the center are pushed out into farther rings. Invasion and succession is essentially a series of migration waves, with one group moving in and establishing itself.

56. Because of this constant invasion and succession pattern, often a ring known as the zone in transition forms just outside the CBD. This ring never becomes developed because investors know it will constantly be caught in the shifting urban pattern.

57. Theory represented the American city in a new stage of development
Before the 1870s, cities such as New York had mixed neighborhoods where merchants’ stores and sweatshop factories were intermingled with mansions and hovels
Rich and poor, immigrant and native-born, rubbed shoulders in the same neighborhoods
19th Century New York

58. In Chicago, Burgess’s home town, the great fire of 1871 leveled the core
The result of rebuilding was a more explicit social patterning
Chicago became a segregated city with a concentric pattern
This was the city Burgess used for his model

59. Critics of the model Pointed out even though portions of each zone did exist, rarely were they linked to totally surround the city
Burgess countered there were distinct barriers, such as old industrial centers, preventing the completion of the arc
Others felt Burgess, as a sociologist, overemphasized residential patterns and did not give proper credit to other land uses

60. Hoyt Sector Model 1939 sectors or wedges
Cities that have not been dominated by successive waves of migrant or immigrant ethnic groups tend to be organized around the linear development of two main features that grow outward from the CBD:
industrial districts
high-class residential districts.
sectors or wedges

61. Example In Southern California: _______________

63. Compton, Inglewood

64. Harris-Ulman
Multiple Nuclei Model: a city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve.
New Patterns: The Polycentric Metropolis
Six Common Types of Nodes Within the Polycentric Metropolis
The Traditional Downtown Center
Newer Business Centers
Internal Edge Cities
External Edge Cities
Outermost Edge-City Complexes
Specialized Subcenters

65. Outlying Business Districts, and/or heavy manufacturing are the other nuclei besides the CBD
New Patterns: The Polycentric Metropolis
Six Common Types of Nodes Within the Polycentric Metropolis
The Traditional Downtown Center
Newer Business Centers
Internal Edge Cities
External Edge Cities
Outermost Edge-City Complexes
Specialized Subcenters

69. The multiple nuclei theory best explains why different neighborhoods of a city attract people of different ethnic origin.

70. Integrated model of a large U.S. city

72. FR Assess/evaluate the three models of urban structure of North American cities.
If the models are combined they are useful.
Most people live near others that have similar characteristics.

73. Negative aspect of models (Feminist Critiques)
They ignore dual-income families (Not all households have a single bread winner who commutes everyday)
They ignore households headed by single women.

74. Most women seek employment locations closer to their homes than do men, and this applies to almost all women, not just those with small children.

75. Not all people have kids
Some like to live in urban setting and see suburban life as boring

76. These people are often called Yuppies (short for "young urban professional" or "young upwardly-mobile professional") is a term that first came into use in the late 1980s which refers to a financially secure, upper-middle-class young person in their twenties or early thirties.

77. DINKS: Dual (or double) income, no kids
DINKS: Dual (or double) income, no kids. Or DINKY Dual (or double) income, no kids yet. DINK is sometimes used in reference to gay and lesbian couples who are childless. This may also be a more appropriate term for heterosexual couples who prefer not to have children and consider themselves childfree