1. Eastern Hemisphere (Trade Patterns, Japan & Africa) Unit VIII
World History I
Mr. Pawlowski

2. Trade Patterns: 1000 – 1500 CE Silk Routes: Maritime routes:
Asia to the Mediterranean basin
Maritime routes:
across the Indian Ocean
Trans-Saharan routes:
across North Africa
Northern Europe:
links between Baltic & Black Sea
Western European:
Mediterranean Sea and river trade
Southeast Asia:
South China Sea and land routes

3. Silk Road

4. Trans-Saharan routes

5. Eastern Hemisphere routes

6. Exchange of Goods: West Africa: Indian Ocean:
Gold
Indian Ocean:
Spices
Zanzibar Archipelago (Spice Islands)
India, China, Middle East & Europe:
Textiles (silk, cotton, etc.)
India:
Sandalwood
Persia:
Porcelain, Saffron Powder, Pistachios
China:
Porcelain, Silk, Gun Powder
Baltic Region:
Amber

7. Exchange of Technology:
China:
Paper:
Into Europe via Byzantium and the Islamic Civilization
Compass
Mechanical Clock
India:
new crops & techniques
ex: for making sugar
Indian Ocean:
lateen sail
Middle East:
waterwheels and windmills

8. Exchange of Ideas Religions: Printing & Paper Money: Culture:
Buddhism:
Korea & Japan via China
Hinduism/Buddhism:
Southeast Asia via India
Islam:
West Africa, Central and Southeast Asia
Christianity:
Europe, Eurasia
Printing & Paper Money:
China
Culture:
art, architecture, music, dance, etc.
Languages

9. Geography Japanese Archipelago: Mountainous: Bodies of Water:
est. 4,000 islands
Hokkaido
Honshu
Shikoku
Kyushu
Mountainous:
limited arable land:
15% of land
limited natural resources:
coal, oil and iron
Bodies of Water:
Sea of Japan (East Sea)
Pacific Ocean
Yellow Sea
Natural Barriers
Isolation
Proximity to neighbors:
120 miles – Korea
500 miles – China

10. Influence of China: Initial Contact: Prince Shotoku (574 – 622 CE):
Korean traders/travelers & immigrants
Prince Shotoku (574 – 622 CE):
607 CE – initiated missions to study the Tang Dynasty in China
Buddhism:
Introduction(552 CE):
Korean king (Seong of Baekja) sent Buddhist monks to Japan
‘Three Treasures Edict’ (594 CE):
official recognition of Buddhism by Empress Suiko
various schools are subsequently introduced and adopted
Relationship with Shinto:
rituals/beliefs coexist and/or merge
Writing:
adopt Chinese logographic characters (pictograph)
‘kanji’
Additional Influences:
Art
Architecture
Government
Culture & Lifestyle
Japanese traditions remained as Chinese influence increased
formal missions to China end in the late ninth century

11. Shinto (‘Way of the Gods’)
Indigenous religious beliefs & practices of Japan
Intimately tied to Japanese society and culture
Characteristics:
no sacred texts
no founder or founding date
Beliefs:
Polytheistic:
‘kami’ – spirits/natural forces
dwelled within nature
Positive view of human nature:
‘man is kami’s child’
Ancestor Veneration:
adopted from Buddhism
‘Imperial/State Shinto’:
worship of the emperor
divine origins of imperial family provides legitimacy
high point:
Coexists with Buddhism:
tendency to interpret Shinto from a Buddhist viewpoint
ex: view kami as incarnations of buddhas or bodhisattvas
not separate/competing faiths, but a single complex religious system

12. Feudal Japan Heian Period (794 – 1185 CE):
strong central government
Capital: Kyoto
landowners & clan chiefs begin to accumulate power
Feudal Japan ( CE):
Society:
Peasants:
occupational class system:
Farmer
Craftsmen/Artisans
Merchants
Nobility
lords & warlords (daimyo) were given land for protection
Samurai:
loyal warriors/army who fought for their lord
Bushido: ‘way of the warrior’
top of the 4-tiered class system
Emperor & Shogun:
Emperor:
ceremonial figurehead
capital: Kyoto
Shogun:
political authority
shogun: general & military dictator
Capital:
Kamakura Shogunate: Kamakura
Muromach Shogunate: Kyoto
Edo Shogunate: Edo (Tokyo)

13. African Kingdoms

14. Axum (100 – 940 CE)

15. Axum Location: Formation: Trade:
Ethiopian Highlands
South of Nubia (Kush)
Modern day: Northern Ethiopia & Southern Eritrea
Red Sea – East
Trade route linking India & Mediterranean
Nile River – North
Formation:
Merging of Arabs (Southwest Arabia) & Indigenous peoples (Kushite herders)
1st King: Zoskales
Trade:
Exported:
Ivory, Frankincense, Myrrh & Slaves
Imported:
Textiles, Metal Goods, Wine & Olive Oil
King Ezana (Reign: est. 330 – 356 CE):
Conquest:
Southwest Arabia (Yemen) & Kush
Conversion:
Adopts Christianity and establishes it as the official religion
Contributions:
spread of Christianity:
Coptic Church of Egypt & Ethiopian Orthodox Church
written language:
Ge’ez
architecture:
stone & stelae
terrace farming
Decline:
Islamic conquest of the Red Sea and Northern Africa
forced into economic isolation
isolated from other Christian states
succeeded by the Zagwe Dynasty

16. Zimbabwe The Great Enclosure Zimbabwe: Location:
Shona: dzimba dza mabwe
‘Great Stone Houses’
Kalanga: nzi we mabwe
‘Home Stead of Stone’
Location:
Zambezi & Limpopo Rivers
fertile grassland
Indian Ocean
Modern Day: Zimbabwe
Shona (Language: Bantu):
Agriculture:
raised cattle and farmed
peanuts, pumpkins, sweet potatoes, etc.
Wealth:
Trades Gold and Ivory
Taxes traders
becomes wealthy & prosperous
Capital:
Great Zimbabwe
Decline:
Eclipsed as a political & economic power by the Kingdom of Mutapa
founded by a Zimbabwe prince: Nyatsimba Mutota
1450 CE– Great Zimbabwe is abandoned
The Great Enclosure

17. West African Kingdoms Kingdom of Ghana Kingdom of Songhai
Kingdom of Mali

18. Ghana Ghana: Location: shift from agricultural kingdom: Trade:
warrior king of the Soninke people
1st: Dinga Cisse
Location:
Captial:
Kumbi Saleh
sahel:
grassland transition between the Sahara (north) and Savannah (south)
Rivers:
Niger – East
Senegal – West
Modern Day: Mauritania & Mali
shift from agricultural kingdom:
Trade route control
Taxed good carried through territory
Introduction of the camel
Trade:
Arab & Berber traders crossed the desert (Trans-Saharan)
‘camel train/caravan’
Gold for Salt:
Abundant supply of gold
Limited amount of salt
Salt: preservative & aid in preventing dehydration
Decline:
Muslims became a dominant economic/political force
1076 CE: Almoravid conquest
Incorporated into the Kingdom of Mali

19. Mali (1230 – 1610 CE)

20. Mali Sundiata Keita (1217 – 1255 CE): Mansa Musa (1312 – 1337 CE):
founder of the Mali Empire
conquered: Kingdom of Ghana
mansa: ‘king of kings’ or ‘emperor’
promoted agriculture
reestablished the gold-salt trade
Capital: Niani
Mansa Musa (1312 – 1337 CE):
Characteristics:
skilled military leader
put down rebellions/expanded the empire
strong central government
centralized control over gold-salt trade
divided kingdom into provinces
Hajj:
gave away gold and traded gold for souvenirs
devalued gold in the region (Cairo, Mecca & Medina)
Timbuktu:
established as a city of trade & learning
attracted doctors, judges, religious leaders & scholars
constructed mosques, universities & libraries
center of Islamic learning & culture
Ibn Battuta (1304 – 1368 CE):
Rihla
Decline:
Ineffective leaders
subject states break away
gold trade moved east
Berber conquest
rise of the Kingdom of Songhai

21. Songhai (1468 – 1591 CE)

22. Songhai Sunni Ali (Reign: 1464 – 1492 CE):
captured Timuktu & Djenne
gave Songhai control over the lucrative gold-salt trade
Capital: Gao
Askia Muhammad Toure (1442 – 1538 CE):
‘Golden Age’
expanded the empire
divided the empire into provinces
established a bureaucracy
devout Muslim
Decline:
1591 CE: Overthrown by the Sultan of Morocco
gunpowder & canons