1. DDG 1223 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
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Topic 8
Motivation
DDG PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT

2. DDG 1223 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
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Motivation
- The willingness to exert high levels of effort to reach organizational goals, conditioned by the effort’s ability to satisfy some individual need.
Reduction of
tension
Unsatisfied
Need
Search
behavior
Satisfied
need
Tension
Drives
DDG PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT

3. DDG 1223 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Best known motivational theory introduced by Abraham Maslow.
He stated that within every human being exists a hierarchy of five types of needs.
Self-actualization – growth, self-fulfillment, etc.
Esteem – self-respect, achievement, etc.
Social – affection, belongingness, etc.
Safety – security and protection
Physiological – Food, drinks, shelter, etc
DDG PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT

4. DDG 1223 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
McGregor’s Theory X and Y
Theory X - The assumption that employees dislike work, are lazy, seek to avoid responsibility, and must be coerced to perform.
Theory Y – The assumption that employees are creative, seek responsibility, and can exercise self-direction.
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DDG PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT

5. DDG 1223 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
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Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory
- He suggested emphasizing to the hygiene factors (working conditions, salary , etc) will motivate people on their jobs. Those are the factors that increase job satisfaction.
McClelland’s Three-Needs Theory
- The needs for achievement (nAch), power (nPow) and affiliation (nAff) are major motives in work.
DDG PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT

6. DDG 1223 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
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Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
An individual tends to act in a certain way,in the expectation that the act will be followed by given outcome, and according to the attractiveness of that outcome.
Variables: Effort-performance linkage, performance-reward linkage, and attractiveness.
DDG PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT

7. Designing Motivating Jobs
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Job Enlargement - The horizontal expansion of a job; an increase in job scope.
Job enrichment – Vertical expansion of a job by adding planning and evaluating responsibilities.
Job characteristics model (JCM) – A framework for analyzing and designing jobs; identifies five primary job characteristics, their interrelationships, and their impact on outcome variables.
DDG PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT

8. Motivating a Diverse Workforce
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Professionals employees
Technical employees
Contingent workers
Low-skilled workers
Minimum-wage workers
Motivating a diverse workforce means that managers must be flexible enough to accommodate culture differences.
DDG PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT