1. Period
Section 2

2. The Chesapeake Colonies
Virginia and Maryland

3. Government in the Chesapeake

4. In 1619, the House of Burgesses was formed in Virginia.
The House of Burgesses was the first representative assembly (Congress) in North America
Through representatives, the colonists of Virginia had a voice in the legislative (law-making) process.

5. Politics were dominated by the wealthy land owners in eastern Virginia
Requirements to vote:
Male
White
Landowner
Therefore, the law overwhelmingly favored the wealthy land owners

6. Economics of the Chesapeake

7. Economics in the Chesapeake
The Chesapeake economy was built on land ownership and tobacco cultivation, which required labor.
To populate the Chesapeake, the colonial leaders advertised to, and provided incentives to the lower classes England.
Why did they need to populate Virginia?
Larger population = more labor, more labor = more profit

8. The Headright System
An incentive system to drive population (field labor) to Virginia.
How it worked:
Wealthy Virginia would pay for the New World passage of poor English farmers.
The English farmers would sign an indenture (contract) to be a field hand for the land owner for a period of 5-7 years.
When the term of service was completed, the land owner would have the option to buy additional acres of land, and the indentured servant would go free.

9. The effects of the Headright System
The already wealthy land owners of the Chesapeake became more wealthy and claimed ownership of more land.
The indentured servants went free, but had no money or prospect of owning land unless they moved onto the Western Frontier (which they did).
A clear class system developed between the wealthy land owners of the Chesapeake and the small farmers of the western frontier.

10. African Slavery
the first African slaves arrived in Virginia (Sold to the English by the Dutch)
Some of the early African slaves were treated more as indentured servants, but the system of chattel slavery (slaves as personal property) quickly developed.

11. Life in the Chesapeake

12. Life expectancy was about 40 years
Laboring in the humid tobacco fields took a toll on the body
Malaria and dysentery killed many
Frequent violent conflicts with Native Americans over land disputes killed settlers
Male : Female = 6:1
Natural reproduction did not populate the colony quickly
Religion was not extremely important to Virginians, but most considered themselves Anglicans (Church of England)

13. Social Structure of the Chesapeake

14. Pushing West
As the lower class of people began to settle western frontier, they clashed violently with Native American over land claims.
The frontier settlers pleaded with the Virginia Governor (William Berkeley) for protection, but to no avail.
The Virginia laws and government clearly favored the large land owners of the East

15. The Seeds of Rebellion
Not only did William Berkeley not protect the small farmers from Native American attack, he alienated them by designating much of Virginia’s Western frontier as Indian land.

16. 1697 Bacon’s Rebellion Nathanial Bacon
An impoverished Virginia planter, led poor western farmers in a violent uprising against Native Americans settlements along the western frontier.
The rebellion spread eastward and soon overwhelmed William Berkeley’s army, and burned the capital of Virginia (Jamestown)
The rebellion collapsed after Nathaniel Bacon died of dysentery.

17. The lasting impact of Bacon’s Rebellion
It highlighted the sharp class differences between the wealthy planters and the small farmers
It displayed a resistance to colonial control that would last long into the 18th century.

18. The New England Colonies

19. Government of New England

20. Before disembarking at Plymouth, the Mayflower Compact was written and signed by the Separatists
A civil agreement between the Pilgrims to govern the new colony by the will of the majority (democracy).

21. Congregationalism
The early New England Colonies were Congregationalists
They ruled by the will of the majority, but you had to be a male Church member (one of the Elect) in order to vote.
Essentially, the Puritans established a theocracy, or a government run by the church.
The congregation members dominated social and political life in New England.

22. Because the Puritans were Calvinists, their primary doctrine was based on the idea of predestination
the belief that God was all-knowing, therefore He knew at birth who was saved and who was damned.
To be a church member, you had to be one of the elect (chosen ones)

23. The Elect How did one become a church member?
Puritans needed to have “conversion experience” in which God confirmed to them that they were one of the elect.
To prove they were one of the elect, Puritans were constantly doing good deeds

24. Puritan Society

25. Life expectancy was over 70 years
The cooler climate killed many of the diseases that afflicted the Chesapeake colonies.
Male : Female Ratio was 1:1
Natural reproduction quickly populated New England
Puritan women averaged between 8-12 children
Close knit families were an important part of Puritan society.

26. The Importance of Education
Education was extremely important because of New England's emphasis on religion:
Every house had a Bible that was read daily
1636 – Harvard became the first college in the colonies, founded with the intention of training Puritan ministers.

27. The Elect Dominated Society
Puritan leaders dominated society in New England, and showed little tolerance to anyone who would question their authority.
Dissenters were often banish from Massachusetts Bay Colony

28. How did Religious dissenters in the Massachusetts lead to the growth of New England?

29. Roger Williams (a well-respected Puritan minister)
Put on trial in Massachusetts Bay because:
he preached that individual conscience and decisions made by free will determine salvation
He undermined the established theocracy by preaching that Church and state should be completely separate
To avoid punishment, Williams fled south of Massachusetts and created his own colony, which he named Providence (Rhode Island)
He declared that Providence would have no official religion
He welcomed Protestants, Catholics, Quakers and Jews to worship, free from persecution.
The first colony to offer total freedom of religion.

30. Anne Hutchinson was also banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony for challenging the orthodoxy and gender roles of Puritan society
She believed in antinomianism, or that faith alone led to Heaven, NOT deeds and church membership
No one, let alone a women, could challenge the established clergy in Massachusetts.
Anne Hutchinson was banished from Massachusetts

31. Connecticut
Thomas Hooker, a Puritan minister broke ranks with the established clergy of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and led a large group of colonists into Connecticut and established the colony of Hartford
They established the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, the first Constitutional government in the New World.

32. New England Economics

33. The Puritan Work Ethic
New England’s economy was built on shipbuilding, fishing, trade, and fur trapping.
Puritans believed that economic success was an outward expression of God’s favor on their life, so the Puritans worked extremely hard.
If someone ran into a tough financial situation, the Puritans believed that it was an outward sign that they had fallen out of the favor of God.

34. The Other Colonies

35. Maryland
1632 –George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) was granted a large plot of land by the King of England as a repayment of a debt.
The Calvert family had two goals for their new colony:
Establish a safe haven for Catholics in the New World
Make a profit (economy was based on agriculture)

36. New York
Originally explored by Henry Hudson (an English explorer) who sailed on behalf of the Dutch
founded as New Amsterdam, and controlled by the Dutch East India Company as a trading post.
Eventually, through war, the English took control of the colony and renamed it New York.

37. Pennsylvania
William Penn - granted a large piece of land as settlement of a debt that the King of England owed to Penn’s father.
Penn’s goals for the colony:
Create a safe haven for Quakers
(a religious sect that was heavily persecuted in England)
Experiment with liberal governmental practices
Outlawed slavery and the death penalty
Turn a profit

38. Carolina Settled by the English in 1670
The economy was built on rice agriculture
Many of the settlers to South Carolina came from the West Indian Island of Barbados, where slavery was widespread and brutal.
South Carolina became the first English colony to import large numbers of African slaves
The system of chattel slavery began to spread across the English colonies from Carolina

39. Georgia Founded by James Oglethorpe in 1732
Founded as a colony where debtors could work off their debts instead of sitting in prison.
Served as a military buffer between the Spanish colonies in the South and the valuable rice colony of Carolina.