1. The Central Business District and Urban Land Use Models
IB Geography II

2. The Central Business District
The CBD: the commercial and economic core of a city
The heart of the city
the area most accessible to public transport
the location with the highest land values.

3. Characteristics Parking. (though expensive) Transport Terminals.
Wholesalers/Warehouses.
Small Shops.
Concentration of Banks/Businesses.
Offices.
Department/Chain Stores.
Car Sales/Services.
Medical/Fire Services.
Schools/Universities

4. Location Of Industry
Manufacturing areas are located within the inner-city.
They are also located along major highways and in industrial suburbs.
Industries found in cities usually include skilled labor, medical instruments, fashion accessories and clothes, newspapers etc.
Port industries.

5. CBD – Main functions
Shops – top of the shopping hierarchy in a city. Widest range and the largest department stores. Wide sphere of influence.
Offices – Banks, building societies, solicitors, government offices. Offices occupy high-rise blocks or upper floors above shops.
Culture and Entertainment – Areas of the CBD “come alive” at night. Chicago’s clubs, theatres, Navy Pier, music, etc.

6. CBD “Users”
One way to begin to understand the role of the CBD is to consider who uses it…
4 Major Groups:
Workers – Still primary location for many major employers, office buildings, gov’t offices
Residents – Usually now at extremes of income scale
Shoppers – Many CBDs much smaller role than formerly
Visitors – Renaissance in many CBDs in the hotel industry: CBD as entertainment and cultural center
These groups found in CBD in different proportions at different times of the day and days of the week

7. FRAME CORE Zone of decay Zone of improvement Bus and coach station
Smaller shops
Offices- insurance companies,
solicitors
Multi-storey
Car parks
Car sales and services
Theatres and cinemas
University
Railway
station
Banks
High-rise
Office blocks
Specialist shops
Department
stores

8. CBD – Problems
Traffic congestion – Towns grew and street patterns were established before the motor car was invented. Rush hour traffic – “grid-lock”
Pollution – Water, land, air and noise pollution are all common in city centres. Pollution adds to the stresses of living in urban areas and is thought to aggravate some diseases such as asthma and bronchitis.

9. Lack of space and high cost of land
Competition for land – extremely high prices. Smaller firms and retailers forced away from the CBD

10. Land use patterns:
Towns and cities do not grow in a haphazard way but tend to develop recognizable shapes and patterns.
Each town is unique and will have developed its own distinctive pattern, it will also show some characteristics shared by other urban settlements.

11. Although all towns and cities are different, most have grown and developed in the same way.
Believe it or not there is a PATTERN to it all !

12. We can show this pattern by using a MODEL – a simplified picture.
This is an URBAN LAND USE MODEL to show the different land use within a town or city.
Each different color sector represents a different type of land use.

13. Urban Land Use Models Burgess Model/Concentric Zone Model Hoyt Model
Multiple Nuclei Model
Mann’s Compromise Model

14. Burgess /Concentric Zone Model
Inner city
Suburbs

15. The Burgess Model: The Concentric Zone Model9 9

16. Land use models – Concentric Zone Model/Burgess Model
Burgess based his studies on Chicago. He claimed that most towns and cities grow outwards from an old center and equally in all directions.
original settlement

17. Burgess/Concentric Zone Model
Timeframe
1920’s
Class conscious society
Housing segregated according to income
Lack of transport infrastructure
Assumptions
Older buildings in city centre
Newer buildings at edge of city
Land values highest in city centre
Strong economic and ethnic segregation
Low income groups lack transport and live close to city centre.
Cities develop on a flat plain with equal access to transport

18. Evaluation: For
If taken as a very broad pattern, then a large number of towns and cities follow the pattern identified by Burgess.
simple and easy to understand.
Burgess could not have foreseen the changes in transport routes or society yet his model is still relevant when identifying the reasons behind the urban morphology of a city.
It helps us to understand the process involved in the growth of a city.

19. Evaluation: Against
It does not take any physical features into account. Burgess' own case study - Chicago - does not follow the pattern because it is on the coast! The growth of any city will be influenced by the physical geography of the area.
Transport is much more readily available allowing more people to commute Burgess could not have foreseen this.
Urban renewal and gentrification has meant that some of the most expensive property can now be found in traditional 'low class' areas.

20. Hoyt

21. Explanation Hoyt's model came nearly twenty years after Burgess'.
It was based on 142 American cities.
He proposed his model after the introduction of public transportation.
He suggested that the city grew in a series of sectors or 'wedges'.
An industrial sector would remain industrial as the zone would have a common advantage - perhaps a railway line or river.
Note how the low quality housing is next to the industrial zone, middle class next to low class and high class as far as possible from industry and low class.

22. Hoyt Model Timeframe Late 1930’s Income and status divided society
Housing areas reflect social segregation
Assumptions
Settlement develops along transport routes
Towns radiate out from the CBD
Low-income and industrial areas lie next to each other
Wealthy people choose the best sites

23. Evaluation: For Some cities seem to follow Hoyt's sectors.
It provides us with an alternative set of explanations to Burgess.
Communication routes (Rivers, roads, railways) do often provide a very definite boundary to a sector/land-use.

24. Evaluation: Against
Like Burgess, there is no reference to out of town developments.
ie: commuter towns which developed after the car became popular
Like Burgess, there is no reference to the physical environment.

25. Multiple Nuclei Model 3

26. Harris and Ullman’s Multiple Nuclei Theory
1945
As an urban area grows, it develops around a number of different business centres or nuclei.

27. Multiple Nuclei Theory
Assumptions;
Modern cities more complex than suggested by other theorists
Each nucleus acts as a growth point
Growth occurs outwards from each nucleus, until they all merge into one large urban area

28. Evaluations For Mixture of Burgess and Hoyt
Shows some land-uses attract more of the same, for example industrial areas
Some land-uses may deter others from locating nearby, eg; housing is usually located away from industrial areas

29. Evaluations Against Not an exact fit for all cities and towns
Too complex

30. Mann’s Compromise Model

31. Mann’s Compromise Explanation
A British Model
Combo of Hoyt and Burgess
The role of the wind is important

32. Evaluations For Elements of both Burgess and Hoyt models.
SW wind blows smoke and pollution towards East.
Wealthy choose to live in pleasant unpolluted areas.

33. Evaluations Against Does not include inner city renewal.
Based on limited study of only a few studies– not entirely accurate.