1. These slides (you will usually print these yourself) Worksheet (later)
Welcome to BIOL 241!
Tonight’s handouts:
Syllabus
These slides (you will usually print these yourself)
Worksheet (later)
Tonight’s agenda:
Go over syllabus
Peek at course website
Chapter 1 of textbook
Introductory lab stuff 1

2. (heavily modified by GJC)2

3. Overviews
page xi
page 1 3

4. 4

5. 1-2 Anatomy and Physiology
Describes the structures of the body
What they are made of
Where they are located
Associated structures
Physiology
Is the study of:
Functions of anatomical structures
Individual and cooperative functions 5

6. A&P: “Form Follows Function”
Example: skeletal muscle cells vs. cardiac muscle cells 6

7. 1-4 Levels of Organization
Cellular Level
Chemical Level
Heart muscle cell
Protein filaments
Atoms in combination
Complex protein molecule 7

8. 1-4 Levels of Organization
Organ system level
Organism level
Organ Level
Tissue Level
Cardiac muscle tissue
The heart
The cardiovascular system 8

9. 9

10. 1-4 Levels of Organization
The Organ Systems
Integumentary
Major Organs
Skin
Hair
Sweat glands
Nails
Functions
100

11. 1-4 Levels of Organization
The Organ Systems
Skeletal
Major Organs
Bones
Cartilages
Associated ligaments
Bone marrow
Functions
111

12. 1-4 Levels of Organization
The Organ Systems
Muscular
Major Organs
Skeletal muscles and associated tendons
Functions
122

13. 1-4 Levels of Organization
The Organ Systems
Nervous
Major Organs
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral nerves
Sense organs
Functions
133

14. 1-5 Homeostasis
“Homeo” =
Homeostasis =
144

15. 1-5 Homeostasis and Negative Feedback
Example: blindfolded book balancing
155

16. 1-6 Homeostasis and Negative Feedback: General Model
S. Freeman et al., Biological Science
166

17. Figure 1-3 Negative Feedback: Control of Body Temperature.
177

18. Regulated variables (regulated by negative feedback)
Joint position
Body temperature
What else?
188

19. Review Question #29
Which of the following is NOT an example of negative feedback?
(A) Increased pressure in the aorta triggers mechanisms to lower blood pressure
(B) A rise in blood calcium levels triggers the release of a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels
(C) A rise in estrogen during the menstrual cycle increases the number of progesterone receptors in the uterus
(D) Increased blood sugar stimulates the release of a hormone from the pancreas that stimulates the liver to store blood sugar
199

20. Review Question #30
The hormone calcitonin is released from the thyroid gland in response to increased levels of calcium in the blood. If this hormone is controlled by negative feedback, it would ______ blood calcium levels.
raise
lower
not affect 20

21. 1-7 Anatomical Terminology
Superficial Anatomy
Anatomical landmarks
References to palpable structures
Anatomical regions
Abdominopelvic quadrants
Abdominopelvic regions
Anatomical directions
Reference terms based on subject
practice
worksheet 21

22. 1-7 Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Landmarks
Anatomical position:
Supine:
Prone: 22

23. 1-7 Anatomical Terminology: Worksheet23

24. Figure 1-6a Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions.24

25. Figure 1-6b Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions.
Right
hypochondriac
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Epigastric
region
Right lumbar
region
Umbilical
region
Left lumbar
region
Hypogastric
(pubic)
region
Right
inguinal
region
Left inguinal
region b
Abdominopelvic regions. The nine abdominopelvic
regions provide more precise regional descriptions. 25

26. Figure 1-6c Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions.26

27. 1-7 Anatomical Terminology: Directions
Superior vs. __________________
Proximal vs. __________________
Lateral vs. __________________
Deep vs __________________
Anterior vs. __________________
Caudal vs. __________________ 27

28. 1-7 Anatomical Terminology
Sectional Anatomy
Planes and sections
Plane: a three-dimensional axis
Section: a slice parallel to a plane
Used to visualize internal organization and structure
Important in scanning techniques
MRI
PET CT
Figure 1-10 28

29. Figure 1-8 Sectional Planes.29

30. 1-7 Anatomical Terminology: Planes
Online melody playback: 30

31. Review Question #21
A plane through the body that passes perpendicular to the long axis of the body and divides the body into a superior and an inferior section is a
Sagittal section
Transverse section
Coronal section
Frontal section 31

32. 1-8 Body Cavities Essential Functions of Body Cavities:
Ventral Body Cavity (Coelom)
Divided by the _______ into ________ & ________ 32

33. 1-8 Body Cavities Serous Membranes Line body cavities and cover organs
Consist of parietal layer and visceral layer
Parietal layer — lines cavity
Visceral layer — covers organ 33

34. 1-8 Body Cavities The Thoracic Cavity Right and left pleural cavities
Contain right and left lungs
Mediastinum
Upper portion filled with blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus
Lower portion contains pericardial cavity
The heart is located within the pericardial cavity 34

35. Figure 1-9a Relationships among the Subdivisions of the Body Cavities of the Trunk.35

36. 1-8 Body Cavities: Hernias!
What is a hernia?
“Weird Al” Yankovic: “Living with a Hernia” (1986)
Video: youtube.com/watch?v=X8Ow1nlafOg
Where do Al’s favorite hernias occur?
Al’s head drawn by weird-kid1.deviantart.com 36