1. 1) What are the 11 systems of the human body?
STANDARDS: SCSh1-SCSh9
SAP1. Students will analyze anatomical structures in relationship to their physiological functions.
1) What are the 11 systems of the human body?
2) What is the hierarchy of an organism’s structure?
3) What is the difference between positive and negative feedback with examples for each?
4) What are some terms associated with homeostasis and disease in humans?

2. Bellringer List the 11 body systems of the human body

3. 11 BODY SYSTEMS 1. Integumentary 2. Skeletal
3. Muscular
4. Nervous
5. Endocrine
6. Cardiovascular (Circulatory)
7. Lymphatic (Circulatory)
8. Digestive
9. Respiratory
10. Urinary
11. Reproductive
Skin, hair, nails (covering and lining)
Bones (support/structure)
Muscles (movement)
Nerves (quick communication)
Hormones (slow communication
Heart, blood vessels, blood
Defense, Immunity, Lymph
Breakdown, absorption, and elimination of nutrients/wastes
Exchange of gases
Excretion of liquid wastes
Production and fertilization of gametes

4. Organization of the Human Body
Anatomy – Structure
Physiology – Function
I. Levels of Organization:
Atoms 
Molecules 
Cells 
Tissues 
Organ 
Systems 
Organism

5. II. Life Processes
Metabolism – All anabolic and catabolic reactions (digestion, respiration, etc…)
Responsiveness – Response to internal or external stimuli
Movement – motion, muscles
Growth – Increase in cell size and number
Differentiation – specialization of cells
Reproduction – new cells or new individual
Excretion – Removal of wastes

6. III. Homeostasis – Maintenance of stable internal conditions;
A. Illness occurs when homeostasis is out of balance;
1. Sign = measurable (fever, swelling);
2. Symptom = description (nausea, headache, malaise)
B. Homeostasis is regulated by feedback mechanisms – 3 components
Receptor – Detects disruption
Control Center – Sets Range; Sends output (usually brain)
3. Effector – Responds to output
C . Two types of Feedback systems
1. Negative feedback (Most common)
a. Reverses effect of stimulus
b. Example: Body temperature increases; Sweat glands activate and blood vessels dilate to bring down temperature
i. Receptors = Thermoreceptors in skin
ii. Control center = brain
iii. Effectors: Sweat glands and blood vessels
c. BP increases; Heart rate decreases  lowers BP

9. 2. Positive Feedback System:
a. Increase in stimulus  Increase response
b. Examples: Childbirth and blood clotting
i. Receptors: Stretch receptors in cervix (activated as child presses against cervix)
ii. Control center: Hypothalamus of brain releases oxytocin
Effector: Uterus contracts in response to oxytocin

10. Pair and discuss: Identify the type of feedback and the receptor, control center and effector
After missing a meal, your blood sugar drops. This drop is detected by special nerve cells which send the signal to the brain. The brain activates the pancreas to release the hormone glucagon, which causes stored glycogen in your liver and muscles to be broken down into glucose and released into your bloodstream. This raises your blood sugar to normal levels.
As a baby is nearing birth, the head presses against the cervix, causing it to stretch. Special nerve cells detect this and signal the brain. The brain releases the hormone oxytocin which causes the uterus to contract. The contraction pushes the baby further against the cervix, causing more stretching, which leads to more oxytocin release and uterine contractions. This process continues until the baby is born.

11. III. Anatomical Terms
Anatomical Position – Stands erect, face front, arms at side with palms forward

12. III. Anatomical Terms
Anatomical Position – Stands erect, face front, arms at side with palms forward
(SEE WORKSHEET)
Body region terms (See worksheet part 2)

14. 1. Brachial
2. Carpal
3. Cervical
4. Digital
5. Sternal
6. Cephalic
7. Buccal
8. Abdominal
9. Vertebral
10. Tarsal
11. Popliteal
12. Pedal
13. Oral
14. Femoral
15. Lumbar
1. Arm
2. Wrist
3. Neck
4. Fingers/Toes
5. Breastbone
6. Head
7. Cheek
8. Stomach
9. Spine
10. Ankle
11. Behind knee
12. Foot
13. Mouth
14. Thigh bone
15. Lower back

15. 16. Buttocks
17. Bellybutton (navel)
18. Hips
19. Nose
20. Sole of foot
21. Eye
22. Ear
23. Back of head
24. Under arm
25. Elbow
26. Groin/Pelvis
27. Knee
28. Shoulder blades
29. Genital region
30. Shoulder
16. Gluteal
17. Umbilical
18. Sacral
19. Nasal
20. Plantar
21. Orbital
22. Otic
23. Occipital
24. Axillary
25. Cubital
26. Inguinal
27. Patellar
28. Scapular
Pubic
deltoid

16. C. Directional Terms – Used to locate structures
Anterior (Ventral) – Towards the front/belly
Posterior (Dorsal) – Towards the back/backside
3. Intermediate
4. Ipsilateral – On the same side
5. Contralateral – On opposite sides
6. Superior – Above/Towards the head
7. Inferior – Below/Away from the head
8. Proximal – Closer to trunk
9. Distal – Farther from trunk
10 Superficial – Closer to surface
11. Deep – Further from surface
12. Medial – Towards midline
13. Lateral – Away from midline

17. D. Planes and Sections: Bilateral symmetry – 2 mirror images
1. Sagittal Section – Divides into left and right
a. Midsagittal – Equal halves
b. Parasagittal – Unequal halves
2. Frontal (Coronal) – anterior and posterior
3. Transverse – superior and inferior (cross-section)
4. Oblique – Passes at an angle

19. IV. Body Cavities Dorsal Cavity (back) - includes
1. Cranial Cavity – Brain
2. Spinal Cavity – Spinal Cord
Ventral Cavity (front) - includes
1. Thoracic Cavity – Chest Cavity: Includes the:
a. Pericardial Cavity – Heart (Cavity is between visceral (organ) and parietal membranes (space)
b. 2 Pleural Cavities – Lungs
2. Abdominopelvic Cavity
a. Abdominal Cavity – Diaphragm to Pelvis
b. Pelvic Cavity (reproductive organs and lower digestive and urinary organs)

20. Figure 01.08a

21. Figure 01.08b

22. ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS SEE WORKSHEET FOR PRACTICE

23. How many regions and quadrants can you name?
2) Name the body cavity that the following organs would be located in: a) lungs b) heart c) brain
d) spinal cord e) reproductive organs f) digestive)
How many regions and quadrants can you name? 4 7 1 A B 2 5 8 C D 3 9 6

24. Chapter 1 Quiz Review 1) Umbilical 2) Axillary 3) Occipital
4) Scapular 5) Lumbar 6) Oral
7) Vertebral 8) Brachial 9)Carpal
10) Patellar 11) Orbital 12) Cephalic
Indicate the scientific name of the term:
13) ear 14) nose ) sole of foot
16) Thigh region 17) Buttocks 18) fingers and toes
19) Neck region 20) breastbone 21) Groin
22) foot ) Ankle/instep 24) Cheek 25) Back of knee
Write the directional term that applies:
26) The mouth is ____ to the nose 27) The ears are ___ to the nose
28) The fingers are ____ to the elbow 29) The knee is ____ to the foot
30) The dermis ___ to the epidermis
31) Distinguish positive vs negative feedback.
32) Distinguish signs and symptoms