1. Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter One
Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

2. Morphology – Study of Structures
Gross Anatomy –
Cytology –
Histology –
Anatomy & Physiology

3. .. Physiology – Biochemistry – Biophysics – Embryology – Pathology –
Genetics – ..

4. Chemical Level : Compounds- Cellular – Tissues – Epithelial – Muscle –
Connective –
Nervous -

5. B Organs – group of tissues w/ certain functions.
Systems – group of organs working together
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Circulatory (cardiovascular)
Respiratory
Urinary- Excretory
Lymphatic
Reproductive
Digestive B

6. © McGraw-Hill Companies/Joe DeGrandis, photographer
Anatomical Position
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reprodonor display.
Person stands erect
Feet flat on floor
Arms at sides
Palms, face & eyes facing forward
Standard frame of reference for anatomical descriptions & dissection
© McGraw-Hill Companies/Joe DeGrandis, photographer
Figure A.1

7. Organism – living thing
Homeostasis – “constant internal state”
Anatomical Terms
Directions
Anterior –
Posterior –
Superior –
Inferior –
Medial –
Lateral –
Proximal –
Organism – living thing

8. More Directions
Distal –
Superficial –
Deep –
Parietal –
Visceral –
Mesentary –
Supine –
Prone –

9. Forearm Positions When supinated When pronated
palms face forward or upward
radius & ulna are parallel
When pronated
palms face rearward or downward
radius & ulna are crossed
Figure A.2

10. Sagittal –
Midsagittal –
Transverse –
Cross sections –
Oblique plane –
Frontal –

11. Anatomical Planes and Sections
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Section implies actual cut or slice to reveal internal anatomy
Plane implies an imaginary flat surface passing through the body
Sagittal plane divides body into right and left regions
median (midsagittal) plane divides body or organ into equal halves
Frontal (coronal) plane divides body into anterior (front) & posterior (back) portions
Transverse (horizontal) plane divides the body into superior (upper) & inferior (lower) portions
Frontal
plane
Transverse
plane
Sagittal
plane
© McGraw-Hill Companies/Joe DeGrandis, photographer
Figure A.3

12. Body Regions Axial region = Appendicular region = thoracic region =
abdominal region =
divided into quadrants
divided into nine regions by tic-tac-toe grid
Appendicular region =
arm (brachial region),
forearm (antebrachial region),
wrist (carpal region),
hand (manual region),
fingers (digits)
lower limb
thigh (femoral region), leg (crural region), ankle (tarsal region), foot (pedal region), toes (digits)

13. Appendicular region = lower limb arm (brachial region),
forearm (antebrachial region),
wrist (carpal region),
hand (manual region),
fingers (digits)
lower limb
thigh (femoral region),
leg (crural region), ankle (tarsal region),
foot (pedal region),
toes (digits

14. Axial
Appendicular ”
Body Cavities
Dorsal –

15. Ventral
Oral –
Nasal –
Orbital –

16. Body Cavities and Membranes
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Major body cavities
cranial cavity
vertebral canal
meninges
thoracic cavity
abdominopelvic cavity
abdominal cavity
pelvic cavity
Lined by serous membranes
Filled with viscera
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
Thoracic cavity
Diaphragm
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
(a) Left lateral view
Figure A.7

17. Abdominal Quadrants and Regions
Hypochondriac
region
Epigastric
region
Right
upper
quadrant
Left
upper
quadrant
Subcostal line
Lumbar
region
Umbilical
region
Right
lower
quadrant
Left
lower
quadrant
Intertubercular
line
Abdominal Quadrants and Regions
Hypogastric
region
Inguinal region
Midclavicular
line
(a)
(c)
Figure A.6

18. Body Landmarks Anterior Abdominal Axillary – Brachial – Buccal –
Carpal –
Cervical –
Digital –
Femoral –
Inguinal –

19. Patellar –
Pubic –
Sternal –
Tarsal –
Thoracic –
Umbilical –

20. Posterior
Cephalic –
Gluteal –
Lumbar –
Occipital –
Scapular –
Vertebral –
Caudal –
Popliteal-

21. Anatomical Terminology (ventral)
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Cephalic r. (head)
Facial r. (face)
Cervical r. (neck)
Upper limb:
Acromial r.
(shoulder)
Thoracic r. (chest):
Sternal r.
Axillary r. (armpit)
Pectoral r.
Brachial r. (arm)
Cubital r. (elbow)
Umbilical r.
Antebrachial r.
(forearm)
Abdominal r.
Inguinal r. (groin)
Carpal r. (wrist)
Pubic r.:
Mons pubis
Palmar r. (palm)
External genitalia:
Penis
Lower limb:
Scrotum
Coxal r. (hip)
Testes
Patellar r. (knee)
Lower limb:
Femoral r. (thigh)
Crural r. (leg)
Tarsal r. (ankle)
Pedal r. (foot):
Dorsum
Plantar surface
(sole)
(a) Anterior (ventral)
(b) Anterior (ventral)
© McGraw-Hill Companies/Joe DeGrandis, photographer
Figure A.5

22. Anatomical Terminology (dorsal)
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Cranial r.
Nuchal r.
(back of neck)
Interscapular r.
Scapular r.
Vertebral r.
Lumbar r.
Sacral r.
Gluteal r.
(buttock)
Dorsum of hand
Perineal r.
Femoral r.
Popliteal r.
Crural r.
Tarsal r.
Calcaneal r.
(heel)
(c) Posterior (dorsal)
(d) Posterior (dorsal)
© McGraw-Hill Companies/Joe DeGrandis, photographer
Figure A.5