1. Nursing Research
Dr.Meena Ganapathy

2. Methods of acquiring knowledge
Tradition
Authority
Borrowing
Trial & error
Personal experience
Role modeling
Intuition
Reasoning

3. Levels of development of knowledge
Novice
Advance beginner
Competent
Proficient
Expert

4. Reasoning Deductive: General to specific
Eg: All human beings experience loss. All infants are human beings, hence infants will experience loss if mother is absent.
Inductive: Specific to general.
Eg; A head ache is altered level of health that is stressful. It can be induced that all altered level of health is stressful.

5. Difference btw inductive & deductive reasoning

6. What Is Research? To search again To examine carefully
Diligent and systematic inquiry
Discovery
Goal is to develop an empirical body of knowledge for a discipline

7. What is research?
Research is systematic inquiry that uses disciplined methods to answer questions or solve problems.
The ultimate goal of research is to develop, refine, and expand a body of knowledge.

8. Definition
Polit & Hungler (1995) defined nursing research as a “ systematic search for knowledge about issues important to nursing profession”.
Polit & Beck (2008) define research as systematic, enquiry designed to develop trustworthy evidence about issues of importance to nursing profession.
“ It is a systematic approach to examining phenomena important to nursing & nurses”. Lara Talbot (1995)
“It is a systematic objective process of analyzing phenomena important to nursing”. Rose Marie Nieswiadomy(1998).
Phenomena is a fact that is not fully understood.

9. Meaning It is a scientific process because the results are verifiable.
It is an organized investigation of a problem, facts & relationship.
It is pursuit of a definite objective with due control followed by analyses using statistical procedure.
It is an abstraction (Known, yet not clearly)
It is one type of problem – solving with more rigor
It is control and prediction

10. Problem Solving Method
There are many problems which needs to be handled for smooth life.
Steps in problem solving
Assessment
Diagnoses( Problem identification )
Find out solutions
Choose the most appropriate solution
Implementation
Evaluation
Re plan
Nursing Process is a method of problem solving

11. Difference between research & Scientific problem solving
All elements must be clearly & precisely described
Data have to be analyzed with appropriate statistics
Control of extraneous variables mandatory
Problem solving
Clarity & precision are important, it is not demanded
Not essential
Not mandatory

12. Difference between research & Scientific problem solving
Primary aim is generalization to population
By replication findings can be verified
There is a moral obligation to report the findings in writing
Can not generalize findings
Can not be verified
No such obligation

13. Scientific Research
It is a systematic, controlled, empirical & critical investigation of natural phenomena guided by theory & hypotheses about the presumed relations among such phenomena. (Fred N Kerlinger, 1986).
Empirical means based on experience or experiment rather than ideas.

14. Characteristics of scientific research
It involves some hypothetical preposition
A hypothetical preposition is a a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more phenomena or variables. (A hunch).
It is systematic & controlled.
It is replicable
It is empirical- based on objective reality

15. Main Need for Nursing Research
It validates nursing as a profession
It provides scientific basis for nursing practice
It demonstrates accountability of the profession

16. Other needs for nursing research
To mould attitudes, intellectual competence & technical skills
Fills the gap in knowledge & practice
Fosters a commitment & accountability to consumer
Identifies the role of nurse in changing society
Helps administration to take prompt decision
Helps to improve the standards in nursing education
Refines the existing theories & helps in discovery of new theories

17. For its prestige
To describe the state of affairs
To isolate problem areas
To determine solutions for problems
To contribute to knowledge
To collect facts
To analyze standards
To guide for action

18. Areas of Nursing research
Education
Administration
Clinical

19. Need for nursing research in India
For prestige of profession
To isolate problem areas
To determine solutions for problem
To collect facts
To contribute to knowledge
To analyze standards
To guide for actions

20. Role of Nurses in Research
Dr. Meena Ganapathy

21. Role of nurses in research
Research participant – Clara Maass, a nurse ( ) participated in a study to isolate vector mosquito for yellow fever. She died of the disease
Lots of nurses are participants of the HIV vaccination trial at NARI, Pune.
Research Advocate: Nurses can make the participants aware of their rights , risk, benefit & assurance of confidentiality & anonymity
E.g.., West Bengal study on injectable contraceptives.

22. Role of nurses in research
Research assistant: assisting in data collection & data analysis
Research evaluator: able to read reports & evaluate its relevance & apply it to nursing practice
Research expert: nurses with masters & doctoral degrees may act as experts
Investigator: conduct actual research

23. Role of a registered nurse in research
Read, interpret & utilize research in work area
Identify areas of need & conduct mini research
Collaborate with other researchers
Act as an advocate for participants

24. Role of an educator in research
Use findings to teach latest information
Can use other field researches to improve teaching & methods
Instigate research zeal in her students
Guide students in their mini research

25. Role of an administrator in research
Being aware of resources & making it available to nurses
Providing a climate for research
Conducting regular journal clubs to critique articles
Allowing staff to attend conferences & presentations
Participating in institutional ethical committee
Collaborating with other clinical researches
Reviewing research plans for feasibility
Evaluate completed research for practice

26. Using Research in Practice
Synthesis of knowledge (research, theory, and clinical experiences)
Effect of philosophy
Making a change in practice
Evaluation of change for patient, provider, and health care system

27. Role of an researcher
Can become a trained research worker

28. Characteristics of good research
Characteristics of a Good Research
Interesting & Novel
Clear & comprehensive with attention to detail, and a certain level of knowledge of the subject matter.
ethical in all methodologies
Should guarantee conclusive and objective results.

29. Characteristics of good research
Systematic
Organized
All elements are clearly & precisely described
Has a definite objective with due control
analyses data using statistical procedure
generalization to population is possible

30. Characteristics of good research
findings can be verified by replication
Follows principles of research ethics
Relevant
Instruments used are valid & reliable
No plagiarism. Duly acknowledges relevant sources used
Documented following some standard protocol
Published

31. Terminologies
Dr.Meena Ganapathy

32. Terminologies
Concept: A mental or word picture of a phenomenon that is based on presence or absence of certain characteristics
Conceptual framework: a network of inter related concepts that provide a structure for organizing & describing the phenomena of interest
Control: The process of preventing extraneous variables influence on the dependent variable, which might alter the true effect between the study variables

33. Data: The pieces of information collected that pertains to the study variables
Hypothesis: A hunch or a statement of expected relationship between the independent & dependent variable
Limitations: Weakness in a study, such as uncontrolled variables, that limit the generalizability of the findings

34. Operational definition: The definition or description of a study variable that specifies how it will be measured
Research: A scientific process of inquiry that involves purposeful, systematic, and rigorous collection, analysis, and interpretation of data to gain new knowledge

35. Theory: A set of interrelated concepts that provide a systematic method of organizing, integrating and conceptualizing a phenomenon
Theoretical / Conceptual definition: The definition or description of a study variable that is drawn from the theoretical or conceptual framework

36. Variable: A characteristics or attribute that varies or differ among the persons or objects being studied
Generalizability: The ability to relate the study findings from the sample to large population

37. Basic Terminology
Quantitative Research – objectivity, control, numerical data & ability to generalize findings
Qualitative Research – subjective, narrative nonnumeric data
Researcher-investigator, scientist, principal investigator, project director, collaborators

38. Variables: A characteristic or attribute that varies or differs among persons or objects under study
Instrumentation: process of selecting or developing devices & methods appropriate for measuring variables under study.