1. The Audio-Lingual Method

2. Introduction
Founded around 1950’s and 1960’s, AL was based on structural linguistics and behaviorism: the way to acquire the sentence patterns of the target language is repetition of dialogues about every day situations that are imitated and drilled to make the response automatic.

3. Structural Linguistic
Language is a system of structural related elements, like phonological units, grammatical units, and lexical items, for the transmission of meaning. So to learn the target language is to mater the elements of the target language system.

4. Behavioral Psychology
Language learning is habit-formation.
Mistakes, the bad habit, should be avoided.
Language skills are learned more effectively if they are presented orally first, then in written form.
The meaning of words can be learned only in a linguistic and cultural context.

5. Principles of AL Use drills to teach the lines of dialogues.
Repeat the language mode as accurately and quickly as possible.

6. Techniques of AL – Backward-up drill
Backward build-up drill: to teach long lines of dialogues:
break down the line into several parts
repeat a part of the sentence
follow the teacher, students expand
what they repeated part by part until
they are able repeat the entire line.

7. Techniques of AL – Dialog Memorization
Students take the role of one person in the dialogue and the teacher the other.
Switch roles and memorize the other person’s part.
Half of the class to take one role and the other half to take the other.
Some pairs of students might perform the dialogue for the rest of the class.

8. Techniques of AL – Chain Drill
To make students ask and answer questions with each other.
It allows some controlled communication among students and give the teacher an opportunity to check students’ speech.

9. Techniques of AL – Multiple-slot Substitution Drill
To give cue phrases, one at time, that fits into different slots in the dialogue line.
To recognize what part if speech each cue is and make any other changes, such as subject-verb agreement.
To fit cue phrase into line where it belongs and to say the line loudly.

10. Techniques of AL – Transformation Drill
To change a certain kind of sentence pattern to another form.
to transform an affirmative S. into a negative S.
to transform a statement into a question.
to transform an active S. into a passive S.
to transform a direct speech into reported speech

11. Techniques of AL – Question & Answer Drill
Students practice the target language with answering questions and the question patterns.
Students answer the teacher’s question quickly.