1. If you know this, you know grammar
Parts of Speech
If you know this, you know grammar

2. Noun Person Place Thing Proper Noun boy, girl, it, etc.
grocery store, gas station, community college, etc.
Thing
color, candy, phone, sky, space, financial aid etc.
Proper Noun
Actual Name: Scott, Lower Columbia College, Safeway, etc.

3. How to identify a noun
Ask yourself: “Is this a person, place, or a thing?”
This can be confusing when we consider gerunds (verbs that act as nouns)
Running, Jumping, Vacationing
Use the “Frame Sentence:”
(The/A) __________ is/are/was/were alright/fine/fun.
Vacationing is fun.
Quickly is alright.

4. Verb Describes an action Sometimes the action is not physical
run, jump, swim, study, etc.
Sometimes the action is not physical
am, think, consider, mull over, etc.
Note: the “To Be” verb (is, am, was, were, etc.) is not active.
Link Subject to Object/Predicate
To Have (has, had, have), To Be (am, is, are, was, were)
I have swag (Links subject [I] with noun [swag]
We are blue (Links subject [We] with adjective [blue]

5. How to identify a verb: Ask visualize the action.
Does it require a specific movement/action?
Use the “Frame Sentence:”
The man __________ (it)
The man _recorded__ it.
The man _vacationing it.

6. Verb Tense Present Past Present Perfect Past Perfect
Present Progressive
Past Progressive
Present Perfect Progressive
Past Perfect Progressive
Future
Future perfect progressive
Conditional perfect progressive
Knock
Knocked
Have Knocked
Had Knocked
Am Knocking
Was Knocking
Have Been Knocking
Had Been Knocking
Will Knock
Will Be Knocking
Would Have Been Knocking

7. Perfect Tense Timeline Perfect Tense Equation:
[(Tense + to have) + (M.V. + -en)]
M.V. = Main Verb (The form the verb in present or past)
-en = affix

8. Present Perfect Present Perfect:
Present perfect tense indicates that an action started in the past and continues in the present.
I haven’t eaten here since last year.
M.V. = to eat
[(Present + to have) + (to eat + -en)]
[(have) + (eaten)]

9. Past Perfect Past Perfect:
Past perfect tense is an action that took place first in the past. Simple past tense is the second event that happened in the past.
I had knocked for 2 hours before you arrived
M.V. = to knock
[(Past+ to have) + (to knock + -en)]
[(had) + (knocken)]
Note: Knocken is not a word. Therefore, we use past tense when the word cannot take the -en suffix

10. Progressive Tense Continuous action Progressive Tense Equation:
[(Tense + to be) + (M.V. + -ing)]

11. Present Progressive Present Progressive
Indicates that something is currently happening, and will continue to happen into the future.
I am walking
[(Present + to be) + (to walk + -ing)]
[(am) + (walking)]

12. Past Progressive Past Progressive
indicates that continuous action that was happening during past event
This time yesterday, my team was losing a Rec Basketball game.
[(Past + to be) + (to lose + -ing)]
[(was) + (losing)]

13. Adjective Describes nouns Degrees of Comparison Color Size Temperment
Blue, Red, Yellow, White, Gray, Black, etc.
Size
Round, Fat, Skinny, Tall, Short, Portly, etc.
Temperment
Mean, Angry, Happy, Sad, Elated, etc.
Degrees of Comparison
Superlative: Between Three or More (-est)
Tallest, Shortest, Greatest, Worst, etc.
Comparative: Between Two (-er)
Taller, Shorter, Greater, etc.

14. How to identify an adjective
Is it descriptive?
Use the “Frame Sentence:”
The ________ man seems very _____________.
The _blue__ man seems very _blue_.
The _quickly_ mans seems very _quick_.

15. Adverbs The utility player Typically modify: Adverbs simply modify:
Verbs: He drove slowly.
Adjectives: The car is very fast.
Other Adverbs: The car is really quite fast.
Typically modify:
Manner: slowly, quietly, quickly, etc.
Frequency: I drive to Longview every other day.
Time: I want to get home before dark.

16. How to identify an adverb
Memorize them
Look for the –ly
Use the “Frame Sentence:”
The man told his story ______________. or
The woman walked her dog ___________.
The man told his story _quiet_.
The woman walked her dog _negligently_.

17. Prepositions Many different uses Generally connects noun with sentence
Time
On is used with days:
I will see you on Monday.
At is used with time:
My plane leaves at noon.
Place
There is a wasp in the room.
I left your keys on the table.

18. How to identify a preposition:
Memorize them
Memorize what is not them (easier)
There is no frame sentence
Largely idiomatic

19. Other Bits and Pieces Pronouns Articles (a/an/the)
Substitute for nouns
Use all indicators for nouns
He, she, you, him, her, we, etc.
Articles (a/an/the)
Like adjective (modifies nouns
a/an = non-specific (indefinite)
A guy just walked in.
The guy is nobody worth knowing.
The=specific (definite)
The guy just walked in.
This guy is.