1. IF YOU KNOW THIS, YOU KNOW GRAMMAR Parts of Speech

2. Noun Person  boy, girl, it, etc. Place  grocery store, gas station, community college, etc. Thing  color, candy, phone, sky, space, financial aid etc. Proper Noun  Actual Name: Scott, Lower Columbia College, Safeway, etc.

3. How to identify a noun Ask yourself: “Is this a person, place, or a thing?”  This can be confusing when we consider gerunds (verbs that act as nouns)  Running, Jumping, Vacationing Use the “Frame Sentence:”  (The/A) __________ is/are/was/were alright/fine/fun.  Vacationing is fun.  Quickly is alright.

4. Verb Describes an action  run, jump, swim, study, etc. Sometimes the action is not physical  am, think, consider, mull over, etc.  Note: the “To Be” verb (is, am, was, were, etc.) is not active. Link Subject to Object/Predicate  To Have (has, had, have), To Be (am, is, are, was, were)  I have swag (Links subject [I] with noun [swag]  We are blue (Links subject [We] with adjective [blue]

5. How to identify a verb: Ask visualize the action.  Does it require a specific movement/action? Use the “Frame Sentence:”  The man __________ (it)  The man _recorded__ it.  The man _vacationing it.

6. Verb Tense 1. Present 2. Past 3. Present Perfect 4. Past Perfect 5. Present Progressive 6. Past Progressive 7. Present Perfect Progressive 8. Past Perfect Progressive 9. Future 10. Future perfect progressive 11. Conditional perfect progressive 1. Knock 2. Knocked 3. Have Knocked 4. Had Knocked 5. Am Knocking 6. Was Knocking 7. Have Been Knocking 8. Had Been Knocking 9. Will Knock 10. Will Be Knocking 11. Would Have Been Knocking

7. Perfect Tense Timeline Perfect Tense Equation:  [(Tense + to have) + (M.V. + -en)]  M.V. = Main Verb (The form the verb in present or past)  -en = affix

8. Present Perfect Present Perfect:  Present perfect tense indicates that an action started in the past and continues in the present.  I haven’t eaten here since last year. M.V. = to eat [(Present + to have) + (to eat + -en)] [(have) + (eaten)]

9. Past Perfect Past Perfect:  Past perfect tense is an action that took place first in the past. Simple past tense is the second event that happened in the past.  I had knocked for 2 hours before you arrived M.V. = to knock [(Past+ to have) + (to knock + -en)] [(had) + (knocken)] Note: Knocken is not a word. Therefore, we use past tense when the word cannot take the -en suffix

10. Progressive Tense Continuous action Progressive Tense Equation:  [(Tense + to be) + (M.V. + -ing)]

11. Present Progressive  Indicates that something is currently happening, and will continue to happen into the future.  I am walking [(Present + to be) + (to walk + -ing)] [(am) + (walking)]

12. Past Progressive  indicates that continuous action that was happening during past event  This time yesterday, my team was losing a Rec Basketball game. [(Past + to be) + (to lose + -ing)] [(was) + (losing)]

13. Adjective Describes nouns  Color  Blue, Red, Yellow, White, Gray, Black, etc.  Size  Round, Fat, Skinny, Tall, Short, Portly, etc.  Temperment  Mean, Angry, Happy, Sad, Elated, etc. Degrees of Comparison  Superlative: Between Three or More (-est)  Tallest, Shortest, Greatest, Worst, etc.  Comparative: Between Two (-er)  Taller, Shorter, Greater, etc.

14. How to identify an adjective Is it descriptive? Use the “Frame Sentence:”  The ________ man seems very _____________.  The _blue__ man seems very _blue_.  The _quickly_ mans seems very _quick_.

15. Adverbs The utility player  Adverbs simply modify:  Verbs: He drove slowly.  Adjectives: The car is very fast.  Other Adverbs: The car is really quite fast. Typically modify:  Manner: slowly, quietly, quickly, etc.  Frequency: I drive to Longview every other day.  Time: I want to get home before dark.

16. How to identify an adverb Memorize them Look for the –ly Use the “Frame Sentence:”  The man told his story ______________. OR  The woman walked her dog ___________.  The man told his story _quiet_.  The woman walked her dog _negligently_.

17. Prepositions Many different uses Generally connects noun with sentence  Time  On is used with days: I will see you on Monday.  At is used with time: My plane leaves at noon.  Place  There is a wasp in the room.  I left your keys on the table.

18. How to identify a preposition: Memorize them Memorize what is not them (easier) There is no frame sentence Largely idiomatic

19. Other Bits and Pieces Pronouns  Substitute for nouns  Use all indicators for nouns He, she, you, him, her, we, etc. Articles (a/an/the)  Like adjective (modifies nouns  a/an = non-specific (indefinite) A guy just walked in. The guy is nobody worth knowing.  The=specific (definite) The guy just walked in. This guy is.