1. Who is the “West” and why are they important?
Compare Russia’s interaction with the West with the interaction of one of the following (Ottoman Empire, China, Tokugawa Japan, Mughal India) with the West
Who is the “West” and why are they important?

2. Why the “West”?
The “West” ( Spain, Portugal, England. Netherland, Italian city-states were being impacted and impacting others due to their resurgence( exploration, colonization, mercantilism, renaissance, reformation, scientific revolution and enlightenment)
Their interactions influences or were influenced by their contacts with other Empires.
This fits the theme: Development and Interaction of cultures, State-building Expansion and conflict and Development and interaction of economic systems.
Can Apply Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory to determine who dominant powers are and who exploited powers are
Fits a multiple narrative ( Western Europe were more dynamic, Western Europe tapped into pre-existing patterns, Western Europe was the “last to the table”, Western Europe were still not as competitive this periodization as Asian Empires were

3. Mughal (MOH-guhl) India 1526-1761
Toleration – Akbar’s (r ) new “Divine Faith” (Muslim, Hindu, Zoroastrian, Sikh, Christian)
Nanak’s Sikhs ( )
1723-Fragmentation favors European intrusions

4. Lessons Not Learned From the West
Ottoman & Mughal decline/Changes in military tech & world economy- difficulty of basing land empire on military paid in land grants
Money not in agriculture but in trade
Seafaring countries turn trade networks into maritime empires (ship design, navigation, cannon)
Joint-stock companies (English East India Co Dutch E India Co. 1602

5. Ming China
International demand for silk, lacquered furniture
Manufacturing: Assembly line production of porcelain (“china”)
16th c European merchants

6. Silverization Demand for silver opens ports at Macao and Canton
Silver comes from “Manila Galleons”
16th Century Jesuits allowed to enter (Matteo Ricci)
China not interested in European goods (clocks were like toys)
Market gets glutted Manchu invaders fall of Ming

7. Kangxi 1662-1722 A Manchu Open to New Ideas
Welcomes Jesuits
Create European style maps
Hold important offices
Their medical knowledge (quinine) saves him from malaria
Jesuits compromise to convert Chinese-allow Confucian ancestor worship/Pope objects & Kangxi orders all missionaries to sign a certificate accepting his position in support of Jesuits-breach develops, later Ching emperors persecuted them

8. Chinese Influence on Europeans
Variolation (an early form of inoculation)
Wealthy & aspiring middle classes demanded silk, tea, carved ivory (African finished in China)
Wallpaper
Voltaire proclaimed Ching
Emperors model philosopher-
kings who prevented aristocratic
privilege-poems by Emperor
Qianlong(1770’s)translated into
French

9. Russia’s Peter the Great 1689-1725
At his enthronement, there were 100’s
of western merchants in Moscow, European soldiers trained army in new weapons & techniques, Italian architects changed look of city
/travels to Europe-success due to trade (money for weapons) & toleration (talented fleeing persecution)
Modernizes & westernizes army, fashions, requires wives to end seclusion & attend functions, nobility educate their children

10. Russia’s “Westernization” was limited
Civil & foreign wars in late 16th early 17th transformed peasants to serfs
Tsars centralized power of expanding empire & rewarded nobles w/peasants
Peasants could change masters during a 2 week period each year-so were treated better
1649 peasants-serfs/tied to land-runaways had to be returned to master

11. Tokugawa Japanese
Using guns within 30 yrs. of Portuguese landing in 1543
No interest in each other’s goods, so Dutch bought gold & silver in Japan to buy Chinese silk to resell

12. Tokugawa Japanese 1603-1853 Catholic missionaries converted 300,000
non-elites by early 17th
1614-new Shogun persecutes
Christians & ends European
trade to end influence
Dutch on Nagasaki’s island
spread weapons tech, shipbuilding
math, astronomy, anatomy, geography “Dutch studies”
Francis Xavier
Died in Japan in 1552

13. Ottomans 1300-1922 1453-Use Hungarian cannon to take Constantinople
Conquest of Balkans (late 14th) provided them w/Christian POWs for military slaves (Janissaries)
“Tulip Period” craze for high priced tulips-experimented w/European clothing, furniture & printing

15. AP World History Explainers/Changers
10,00 B.C.E-600( Unit 1 and2)
(BOXING)
(Door)
Dinner Party
1900-Present
1.Religion-rise of religion
2.Geography-impact of the environment, water, mts, etc.
3.Exchange-trade it or raid it !!!!
Religion-growth,spread,clash/conflict of religions
Hegemony-Byzantine, Tang/Song, Abbasid, Mongol
Rise of a world system- pax Mongolica, trade, cities, explorers
1.6 themes of Western Europe(Renaissance, Reformations, Commercial Rev,Scientific Rev,Absolutism, Enlightenment)
2. Western Europe knocks on the door of the world
Turning Point-defeat of Spanish Armada, Romanov Dynasty(Russia),end Ming-Qing,Tokugawa Shogunate and isolation, decline of Ottomans, Akbar. Jamestown, disaster in Latin America
Industrialization-Imperialism ( W Europe,U.S,Russia, Japan, all industrialize, all imperialize
Nationalism-unifier or seperafier,Germany, Italy, Ottoman()Revolutions-U.S,French, Haiti,L.A, Mexico
Too little, too late-(Ottoman Tanzimat reforms, China-Taiping/Self strengthening, India-Sepoy
Unresolved conflict- WWI, Depression, WWIII, Cold War, post Cold War
Decolonization-broken promises, India is a model, Ghana, S Africa, Kenya violent, Middle East
Global technology- people, goods, information, diseases quicker than ever, global groups

16. Comp Thesis
Between both the Ottoman and Russian Empires were highly suspicious of the imperial desires of the West while the Ottomans will attack European powers ( Siege of Vienna) Russia will selectively take ideas like a gunpowder navy from the “West”. The impacts of “western” contacts will benefit Russia powers as their empire will grow whilst the Ottoman would greatly reduce due to cultural insularity.
Russia’s interaction with the “West” and that of China were similar in that they were both suspicious of the influence of the “West”, both limited their access with decrees and laws but China was so advanced that the relationship was mutually beneficial while ( aside from trading good) the backwardness of Russia led to a one-sided relationship.
Russia and Japan were both isolated upon their initial interactions with the “West ” and both were deeply suspicious of the exploitative nature of “Western” powers, however, Russia will continue their relationship with the “West” out of need to be globally competitive while the Japanese Tokugawa (Toku go away) Shogunate will maintain a closed door policy to “foreigners”
Russia and the Mughal had dynamic trading contacts with the “West” for important commodities whether it be spices, cotton or furs, both will be connected to the “West” through maritime contacts, however, Russia will centralize and limit “ Western” protectionism while the “ West” will exploit the fragmentation of the Mughal’s political, religious and geographic vulnerabilities