1. The Regions of Great Britain
The United Kingdom includes:
England
Scotland
Wales
Northern Ireland

2. The English Channel separates Great Britain from the rest of Europe.
There is 8000 km of coastline.
Britain is divided in to
Highland Britain
Lowland Britain

3. Highland Britain Highland Britain is in the northwest.
This area is hilly or mountainous.
Most of this area is in Scotland.
This region has historically had a smaller population.
Loch Eileen Donan Castle
Highland Cow
Ben Nevis

4. Lowland Britain
Lowland Britain is in the Southeast and consists of low-lying fertile land.
This area is mostly in England.
Lowland Britain is more densely populated.
This has been true throughout history and was a major factor during disturbances of the 17th c.

5. Why do you think that the lowlands of Britain are more densely populated than the northern highlands?
More fertile
Easier access
Transportation was easier.
Climate
trade

6. English Society in the 17th c.
Vocabulary:
Colonizing: building colonies; starting up towns in new lands
Entrepreneurs: merchants, manufacturers, landholders
Guilds: a medieval association of craftsman or tradesmen which upheld standards and protected its members; like a union
Stratified: divisions in social classes; upper, middle and working/lower class

7. English Society in the 17th c.
England was rapidly becoming a powerful and wealthy nation.
By 1588, English naval ships were able to travel anywhere on the high seas.
This ability to travel help England become a colonizing nation.
The English began to build colonies in North America, India, South Africa and other parts of the world.

8. Colonization changed diet and social customs.
Colonization led to some English becoming very wealthy – especially entrepreneurs including merchants, manufacturers and landholders.
Colonization changed diet and social customs.
People had access to new goods such as pineapple, maize, potatoes, coffee, tea and chocolate.
Population grew rapidly by the 17th c.
Still mostly an agricultural based society (people living in the country depending on farming) but cities and towns were starting to grow.

9. Three Classes Upper Class Middle Class Lower Class
(king, advisors, nobles, church officials, bishops)
Middle Class
(merchants, landowners, manufacturers, professionals)
Lower Class
(ordinary workers – often farming)
The largest group

10. Assignment: Sample: Read pages 24 – 25, complete questions 1 and 2.
Read Create a chart comparing the three classes. Choose three aspects to compare.
Sample:
Read pages 24 – 25, complete questions 1 and 2.
Upper Class
Middle Class
Lower Class
Food

11. The Role of Religion in 17th c. England
During the 17th c. everyone went to church.
The majority of England were Protestant (Anglican)
There were still some Roman Catholics left in England.
The official church was the Church of England (also known as Anglican)

12. The Church of England made all decisions concerning services and concerning services and collected taxes from the people.
Church of England (Anglican) services were very elaborate and buildings were richly decorated.
There were groups who did not like the money that was spent on church buildings, the fancy ceremonies, and the power that the Church of England had.

13. Puritans
The Puritans were a large and powerful group among this group of Protestants that did not agree with some of the pompous ceremonies and elaborate churches of the Church of England.
The Puritans were called Calvinists because they followed the teachings of John Calvin, a leader of the Protestant Reformation.

14. Puritans
Puritans followed believed that churches and church ceremonies should be simple and plain.
Puritans wore dark clothes and led very sober lives.
They disapproved of drinking, gambling and theatre and believed life should be devoted to God.
Puritans believed in strict laws to protect people.

15. Puritanism spread throughout the 16th and 17th c.
Appealed to many people in the middle class.
At times Puritanism was tolerated but there were also times when Puritans were fined and imprisoned for their beliefs.
This persecution led to many of the Puritans leaving England.
Many left on the Mayflower arriving in America in 1621 creating a settlement later to be called New England.

16. Many other Puritans entered British parliament.
They saw political power as a way to promote their beliefs.
With the exodus of Puritans to the U.S. many of England’s religious conflicts were transported to the colonies.

17. Witches
Who is a witch?
What is witch hunt?

18. Who’s a witch? women although there are many cases of children and men
Almost all elderly women at the time could possibly be a target.
social misfits or someone who might suffer from mental illness.
Someone who had religious beliefs that differed from Christianity (Paganism.)
those accused of devil worship although this was largely unfounded.

19. So, who would likely be a witch? And who wouldn’t be a witch?

20. How to identify a witch…
An accusation was usually enough.
Conversing with Familiars (talking to animals)
The Devil’s Mark (a mole)
Behaving in a way that people saw as “different” or “odd”

21. Torture and Execution Techniques:
Pressing
Thumbscrews
Ducking
Burning
Mastectomy
Hanging
Many people were tortured to death.
Most of the people broke down under torture and confessed to crimes of which they were innocent.
Those who were convicted generally went undefended because if someone dared to defend an alleged witch they would likely be considered a witch as well.

22. Torture Devices

23. Witch Hunters
A select group of people who headed up the majority of the witch hunts.
Matthew Hopkins - aka “the Witch Finder General
an infamous witch hunter in England.
condemned over 200 people to death.
collected between 15 to 23 pounds for every town that he cleared of alleged witches.
Favourite torture techniques – sleep deprivation and ducking.

24. How is Matthew Hopkins portrayed in this picture?
*Look at his clothes and his position in the picture.
How are the old women portrayed?

25. Film Clip
Monty Python and the Holy Grail film clip about witch burning.
Questions:
Describe the crowd in the video.
What does the film clip tell us about how someone could be determined to be a witch?

26. Holy Grail Film Clip
Mob/group mentality – people getting together and thinking as one instead of as individuals
To demonstrate the faulty logic that was used to accuse people of witchcraft

27. Assignment: Diary Assignment:
Pretend that you are a villager in a town in England or Europe.
Someone you know in your village is being accused of witchcraft.
Tell what she or he has done that has caused this.
Describe your feelings and the feeling in the village towards the situation. (what are people saying?, what are they doing?)
1½ - 2 pages

28. Brainstorming for assignment…
Why was he
or she accused?
Guilty or
Not guilty?
Describe what is
Going on in the
village
What do you think
About the accused?
WHY??
What does your
Village look
Like?
Character’s
Name
Your family
How many?
Your role
Rich or poor?
Job/role in
village
Relationship
w/ person
accused

29. The witch hunt in Europe
What was going on in Europe influenced what happened in Britain during the Civil War Period.
The persecution of witches primarily occurred between the years 1400 – 1800.
The majority of deaths during the witch craze happened between 1550 and 1650 (post Reformation.)

30. Malleus Malificarum (The Hammer of Witches - 1486):
Witch persecution happened most often in Central Europe where rival Christian groups fought to push their religious views on each other.
Much of the persecution occurred where central authority (government) had broken down.
Malleus Malificarum (The Hammer of Witches ):
A handbook on witches and witchcraft. It contained a description of witchcraft and a code of procedure for detection and punishment of witches.

31. Factors as to why there was a witch hunt in Britain:
Overall, England, which had a strong government, had little witch hunting. The craze in England took place during the English Civil War.
Q – Considering the information regarding Europe, why might witch hunting have been at its peak during the English Civil War?
The government’s power had collapsed and this was a time of war and great unrest throughout Britain.

32. Puritan Influence
Remember, the Puritans were very pious and super sensitive to anything they perceived to be evil.
Believed that women were responsible for original sin
What is original sin?
- In traditional Christian belief, the state of sin in which all humans live because Adam and Eve disobeyed God.

33. Monarch’s Authorization
King James (VI of Scotland and I of England):
approved new witchcraft act was passed in 1603.
Under this act, witches could now be executed for a long list of offenses including:
causing hurt through evil spirits
finding stolen property through magic
causing unlawful love
merely intending to hurt someone.

34. Prior to this period witches could only be executed for causing death.
James’ son, Charles I, adhered to the laws regarding witchcraft so this perpetuated the situation.

35. Death Tolls:
The actual death toll varies depending upon which information you look at.
Here are some of the numbers that are given:
9,000,000
100,000
60,000
40,000
Q – Why do you think there might be such discrepancies in the numbers?

36. Q – Why was it mostly women?
75% - 80% of the accused were women. Although, Men and children were also accused of witchcraft.
Q – Why was it mostly women?

37. perhaps it was part of the ongoing subordination of women
women’s connection to folk-magic and healing
changing views of women’s social and economic place in Early Modern Europe
the majority of accused and executed were female, yet also old, living alone (whether widowed or spinster), and poor.

38. Assignment: Diary Assignment:
Pretend that you are a villager in a town in England or Europe.
Either you or someone you know in your village is being accused of witchcraft.
Why have you (or someone you know) been accused?
Describe your feelings and the feeling in the village towards the situation. (what are people saying?, what are they doing?)
1 - 2 pages

39. The Early Stuarts – Monarchy Conflict Scotland – England The lead-up to the English Civil War

40. Definitions
Absolute Monarch – a king, queen, emperor, or empress with total control
Slovenly: untidy, dirty, careless in appearance
To exalt: place high in rank, honour, or power
To debase: low in rank, honour or power
Divine Right of Kings: powers to rule come directly from God; the king is a representative of God on Earth

41. The Royal Lineage Mary Queen of Scots Elizabeth I Charles I
(Tudor)
Queen of England
Protestant
Mary Queen of Scots
(Stuart)
Queen of Scotland
Executed by Elizabeth I
Catholic
James VI of Scotland
only living heir so becomes
King of England
becomes James I of England
tolerant of Catholics
No living heir
Charles I
son of James I
king of England
Anglican
married a Catholic

42. Key background info…
England had a parliament for several hundred years by the time James I takes the throne of England
According to the Magna Carta (a charter which dictated how much power the king had) the king must rule lawfully
The king could not introduce new taxes without the consent of parliament

43. Key background info… Parliament Structure
Parliament had a House of Lords
these men (lords) inherited these positions
also included bishops and other officials from the Anglican Church
Parliament had a House of Commons
made up of wealthy landowners and townspeople
had to have property
elected to represent people of property

44. Key background info…
this type of parliament is a long way from the democratic system that we enjoy today
But…it is a stepping stone in the way to democracy
it took over 250 years for working-class men to get the vote (1885) and 300 years for women (1918)

45. Some of the Key Players

46. Elizabeth I
Her religious policy shapes the compromise between the Catholics and the Protestants in England
this prevents warfare
On March 24, 1603, Queen Elizabeth's forty-four year reign came to an end. After months of depression and failing health, she lost all will to live, refusing to eat and losing the ability to speak. She slipped into a coma and died at age 69.

47. Mary Queen of Scots
Mary and her Catholic Bishops were unwilling to cooperate with a Protestant dominant English Parliament
Mary is beheaded for murdering her first husband (Lord Darnley) by Elizabeth I
her son, James VI of Scotland becomes the new King of England – James I of England

48. James I (James VI of Scotland)
considered slovenly
a literate king who re-instated the Divine Right of Kings
overspent tax money, selected incompetent advisors, did not consult with the English Parliament
this led to him soon becoming unpopular with his subjects
allied with the Church of England
hated the Puritans
died in 1625 leaving his son – Charles I as the King of England

49. Charles I came to power in 1625 believed in the Divine Right of Kings
unwilling to compromise and work with Parliament
an excellent scholar
self-absorbed
raised money for his own personal use
listened to his father’s advisor, Duke of Buckingham who led him into many disputes (including wars with France and Spain)

50. Charles I
in 1640, Charles I recalled the Parliament, where he looked for support; instead, he got a Civil War
Charles I had alienated too many people

51. Assignment: Examine “The Divine Right of Kings” on pg. 29
In what way could the Divine Right of Kings be a positive element in British society?
In James’ speech on page 29, what analogy, or comparison did he use to express his point of view? Does he make and prove his point? Explain the reasons for your answer.
Read pages and take point form notes on James I and Charles I
Practice Engaged Reading pg

52. The Fight with Parliament (review)
Charles alienated many people…here’s how!
Charles I was a big spender and he had to go to parliament to get more $$$$.
Parliament had certain expectations of Charles I which he had to meet or he wouldn’t get any money.
He usually refused parliament’s requests.
SO…to get money he schemed by bringing back an ancient fee like SHIP MONEY and charging taxes on items leaving or entering Britain.
Sold noble titles – anybody want to be a duke? Only $10.

53. The Fight with Parliament (cont)
Instead of calling Parliament into session Charles I used the secret Court of Star Chamber to convict, imprison, and fine his enemies
Used to suppress opposition to royal policies.
People were often accused of “seditious libel” which were false and malicious statements against the monarch – this was considered treason for which people were often tortured or killed.
People had no rights in this court

54. Just an interesting note…
The Court of Star Chamber was named for the star pattern painted on the ceiling of the room at Westminster Palace where its meetings were held.

55. The Fight with Parliament (cont)
Ultimately wanted to bring the country under Royal control.
Two of his henchmen to help him with this were Lord Strafford and Archbishop Laud.

56. The Long Parliament
Charles I also alienated Scottish people (Presbyterians) by trying to force them to worship in the style of the Church of England (Anglican)
They revolted and he needed money to stop the revolt.
He was desperate enough to call Parliament into session.
The Parliament decided that they wanted to limit the power of the king but there was a lot of controversy over how much power he should have.
This law was called “The Grand Remonstrance.”

57. The Long Parliament
The House of Commons was divided with radicals wanting to take away most of the King’s power.
Charles I tried to arrest the radicals but they escaped.
Both Parliament and Charles began collecting together their own armies. War was inevitable. People were forced to choose sides and on 22nd August 1642, the English Civil War started.

58. The Civil War
What is a Civil War?

59. The Civil War People within a country fighting each other.
Even family members might take different sides.
The English Civil War lasted 7 years.

60. The Two Sides Charles I Royalists (Cavaliers)
Noble families (used to fighting)
Won in the early stages
Fancy Generals (Prince Rupert)
Parliament
Parliamentarians
Local Militia
Farmers, townspeople (not used to fighting)
Controlled the navy
Allied with the Scots
New Model Army->Roundheads
>Untrained, but focused
Led by Oliver Cromwell

61. The Two Sides
Cavalier
Roundhead

62. The Two Sides
These maps show how Charles gradually lost control of England and Wales as the Parliamentarians gained more and more support.

63. The Civil War
Charles was forced to flee to Scotland after losing the battles of Marston Moor and Naseby.
What happens next?
Read:
The Rump Parliament
The Trial of the King - pp
Together we will do pp and 40-41
Homework – Read pp

64. Civil War – lasted 7 years, 1642-1649

65. The Rump Parliament
When the Civil war started many of the members of parliament left to fight.
This left the Puritans and Presbyterians in charge.
They disagreed on many items:
Puritans wanted a republic and churches to be independent from each other.
Presbyterians were okay with King Charles I being in power but wanted his powers to be limited. They also wanted churches to be organized in the same way and for people to worship the same way everywhere.

66. The Rump Parliament
The parliamentary government sent Colonel Pride to get rid of the Presbyterian members of parliament.
Those left in parliament were people who were against the king
They charged the king with treason and making war on his own people.

67. The Trial of the King
Treason – the act of trying to overthrow the king.
Charles was ultimately charged with trying to overthrow himself – this was a bit absurd.
Found guilty and sentenced to death.

68. The Triumph of Parliament
After Charles’ execution the Rump Parliament decided to vote to get rid of the monarch and the House of Lords altogether.
Many people disagreed with this because:
There were only 60 people left in parliament after “Pride’s Purges” and this small group did not represent the whole of England.
Those who went against Parliament were attacked by the Roundhead army.
Ireland and Scotland supported the monarchy and both countries were attacked for this support.

69. The Lord Protector – Oliver Cromwell
Lost patience with the Rump Parliament because they could not rule England effectively and locked the doors of parliament so the parliament was effectively out of power.
He was named the Lord Protector by his senior army officers.
Under Cromwell, Puritan Blue Laws outlawed dancing, gambling, sports, theatre and “pagan” celebrations such as Christmas.

70. Oliver Cromwell was not happy with his situation.
He had fought against the monarchy to get rid of a dictator like Charles I and was now himself a dictator.
When Cromwell died he left his son Richard in charge.
He was unable to rule effectively and soon resigned as Lord Protector
This ended the republic experiment.

71. The Restoration
General Monk, an army commander, called an election for a new parliament.
The newly elected parliament reinstated the monarchy (Charles II) and got rid of the Blue Laws.

72. Parliament insisted upon constitutional monarchy where the king’s powers were limited by parliament.
Charles II did try to influence parliament through bribery, persuasion and blackmail.
Those who had executed Charles I were punished – hanged, drawn and quartered.

73. Charles II tried to protect religious freedom but the parliament created the Test Laws which made the Church of England supreme.
This meant that Catholics were not allowed to hold political positions or join other professions.
This included Charles II brother, James II, who had to give up his position as High Admiral

74. The parliament essentially had shown Charles II who was in power
When Charles died in 1685 his Catholic brother, James II, became King.

75. The Glorious Revolution
James II
was openly Catholic and clearly wanted to have England return to Catholicism.
believed in the Divine Rights of Kings and made it clear that he was looking to take power away from the parliament
Rebellions began to break out and many people who went against the king were executed.

76. The Glorious Revolution:
Parliament invited James’ Protestant daughter, Mary, and her husband, William of Orange to become queen and king of England:
To combat this turmoil - rebellions
to prevent the James II from gaining too much power
to prevent the James II from turning England into a Catholic country again,

77. This is important because for the first time parliament was really calling the shots by choosing their own monarch.
James II’s followers began to leave the country and eventually James left as well, giving up his throne.
Mary and William agreed to the Bill of Rights which basically stated that parliament was the real government in England.