1. Organic Compounds

2. Organic Compounds Carbon based molecules 4 Main Groups Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

3. Carbohydrates C, H, O (ratio of 1:2:1) 4 cal/g Building blocks
Monosaccarides
1 carbon ring (hexagon or pentagon)
C6H12O6
Glucose
Blood sugar
Fructose
Galactose
Deoxyribose (DNA) & Ribose (RNA)

4. Carbs (cont.) Disaccarides Sucrose Lactose Maltose Glucose + fructose
Table sugar
Lactose
Glucose + Galactose
Milk sugar
Maltose
Glucose & glucose
Product of starch digestion, germinating wheat & malt beverages

5. Carbs (cont.) Polysaccharides Long chains of glucose Glycogen Starch
Glucose-storage molecule
Made by cells of liver, muscles, brain, uterus & vagina
Produced when blood sugar levels are high
Used when blood sugar levels are low
Starch
Energy-storage for plants
Store it when sunlight & nutrients are available & use it when low
Cellulose
Gives strength to cell walls of plants
We have no enzymes to digest it
Aka dietary fiber – draws water & helps move food through intestines

6. Conjugated Carbs Glycolipids Glycoproteins Proteoglycans
Serve as markers for cell recognition
Glycoproteins
Major component of mucus
Proteoglycans
Carbo component is dominant over protein
Forms gels that help hold cells together
Lubricates joints of skeleton
Makes cartilage tough & rubbery

7. Lipids C,H,O (& sometimes P) – high ratio of H to O 9 cal/g
5 primary types in humans
Fatty acids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Eicosanoids

8. Fatty Acids Chain of ~4-24 C atoms Saturated Unsaturated
(with carboxyl on one end & methyl at other)
Saturated
Unsaturated
Polyunsaturated
Max H
Double bonds between C
Many double bonds

9. Trans Fatty Acids

10. Triglyceride 3 fatty acids + glycerol (3-C alcohol)
Once joined cannot donate H+
Primary function = energy storage
Thermal insulation
cushioning

11. Phospholipids 2 fatty acids, glycerol & phosphate group
Hydrophilic ( ) head
Hydrophobic ( ) tail
Make up the cell membrane
aka phospholipid bilayer

12. The Cell Membrane

13. Steroids 17 C arranged in 4 rings
Cholesterol is the “parent” steroid from which all others are made
Mostly synthesized by animals
15% from diet 85% made in body
Important component of cell membrane
Also cortisol, progesterone, estrogens, testosterone, and bile acids

14. Proteins Proteios “of 1st importance” Building blocks – amino acids
Large complex molecules

15. Proteins (cont.) Peptide Oligopeptides Polypeptides Protein
2 or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds
joins amino group w/ other carboxyl group, removing water in the process
Oligopeptides
10-15 amino acids (“a few”)
e.g. Oxytocin (9)
Polypeptides
15+ AA
e.g. ATCH (hormone) (39)
Protein
50+ AA
e.g. Keratin, collagen, actin & myosin, etc.

16. Protein Structure 1oAmino acid sequence determined by gene (DNA)
2o Hydrogen bonds
3o folding & coiling due to interactions with R groups
hydrophilic/hydrophobic regions
Much denaturing (unfolding due to pH or temp) occurs here
4o joining of 2+ polypeptide chains

17. Protein functions Structure Communication Membrane transport Catalysis
Keratin –tough, water-proof protein in skin, hair & nails
Collagen – durable protein in bone, cartilage and teeth
Communication
Cell-to-cell via hormones
Membrane transport
Channels, carriers,
Catalysis
Enzymes (globular proteins) are responsible for metabolic pathways
Recognition & protection
Antigens & antibodies
Clotting proteins
Movement
Intracellular transport
muscles
Cell adhesion
Bind cells to each other
Keeps tissues together
Allows immune cells to bind enemy cancer cells
Allows sperm to fertilize the egg