1. The Macromolecules of Life

2. Carbon Life on earth is carbon based The large molecules found in cells are carbon based. Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms, so its VERY versatile! Organic refers to carbon

3. Monomers & Polymers Monomer = Greek ‘mono’ & ‘meros’ Polymer = ‘polu’ & ‘meros’

4. Carbohydrates Functions: Main energy source Stored as reserve energy supplies Composes plant cell walls 3 types of carbohydrates: Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

5. Monosaccharides Sugars with 6 carbon atoms “Simple sugar” Sugars end in –ose Glucose: sugar that green plants produce Fructose: sweetest- found in fruits Galactose: found in milk

6. Disaccharides 2 simple sugar building blocks Sucrose: table sugar Maltose: malt sugar Lactose: milk sugar

7. Polysaccharides Many sugar building blocks Starch: storage of excess sugar in plants Glycogen: storage of excess sugar in animal livers Cellulose: plant structure: cell walls & wood Chitin: exoskeletons of insects, crabs, lobsters

8. Carbohydrates Contains the elements……. Sucrose is a disaccharide H 2 SO 4 + C 12 H 22 O 11  12C + 11H 2 O Sulfuric Acid + sucrose yields carbon solid & water vapor!

9. Lipids (fats) Functions: Secondary source of energy Form the cell membrane Protection Insulation Contains Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen 4 types of lipids: Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids Waxes

10. Triglycerides: Stored in fat tissue in the body, also provides insulation beneath skin; cushions Saturated: solid fats, all single bonds holding carbon atoms together Unsaturated: oils, double bonds between one or two carbon atoms

11. Phospholipids Components of cell membrane

12. Steroids Variety of roles including….. Cholesterol is part of cell membranes Steroid hormones transmit messages Bile acids break down fats Vitamin D assists in biological/chemical reactions illegal use of anabolic steroids among athletes

13. Waxes Waterproofing agent Protective covering on leaves Bees secrete wax

14. Proteins (Polypeptide) Functions: Structural material Control metabolism Communication, transportation, defense Movement Third energy source

15. Proteins Types: 1. Keratin: hair, silk, feather 2.Collagen: connective fibers in tendons, ligaments, skin 3.Peptide Hormones: chemical messengers that regulate body functions Insulin / glucagon: hormones that control blood sugar in animals

16. Proteins Types: 4. Hemoglobin: transports oxygen throughout bloodstream 5. Antibodies: substances that protect animals against disease 6. Actin & myosin: muscle movement

17. Proteins Types: 7. Enzymes: allow complex chemical reactions to take place 8. Fibrinogen: helps blood clot & forms a scab Contain the elements: C, H, O, N

18. Nucleic Acids Function: 1.Stores information 2.Controls cell activities 3.Large role in heredity

19. Nucleic Acids 1.DNA: Stores information in a code – directs cells to construct proteins 2.RNA: help synthesize proteins Contain the elements C, H, O, N, P