1. Chapter 9: Emergence of Europe Middle Ages A.D. 500-1500 New society rooted in: 1.Classical heritage of Rome 2.Beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church 3.Customs of various Germanic tribes

2. Invasions of Western Europe What was the immediate cause of the fall of the Western Roman Empire again? Right! Germanic invasions!!! Repeated warfare and invasions altered the economy, government, and culture of the people in the Western Roman Empire Economy: Disruption of trade led to the collapse of businesses, breakdown of European cities as economic centers, and scarcity of money. Government: cities were abandoned as centers of administration – continued to get “sacked” (looted) Culture: nobles (wealthy landowners) retreated to the rural areas when cities collapsed; cities no longer had strong leadership; people moved to the rural areas and began farming; population became rural

3. Medieval Europe: 476 CE Western part of Roman Empire was the least important because it had the smallest population and the fewest resources for trade. The Eastern Roman Empire went on for another thousand years as the Byzantine Empire. Barbaric invasions led to West’s demise which broke up into smaller states that were highly DECENTRALIZED.

4. “De-urbanization” – people left the cities as opportunities for trade diminished and the infrastructure broke down – nobody knew how to fix it. London was about 10,000 people compared to Baghdad which was close to a million. People went into the countryside and were at the mercy of renegade soldiers, bandits, and barbarians. The need for stability and safety became paramount. Europe 481 C.E.

5. THE FALL OF ROME AND MEDIEVAL EUROPE Created a very different type of society – only in Japan do you find a similar society. Medieval Europe becomes highly decentralized. New groups invade Europe and drastically change its make up. New types of organizing society become necessary for people to survive. The only Roman institution to survive in Western Europe is the Roman Catholic Church.

6. SURVIVAL MODE What do people need for survival? – Food & water – Shelter What do you NOT care about when trying to survive? – Language – Culture – Etc…

7. Decline of Learning Germanic invaders were illiterate Romans who moved into rural areas became less concerned about education Priests and other church officials were literate Knowledge of Greek became lost (but we still have that knowledge today…SO…bonus point: WHO PRESERVED IT???) Germanic tribes had a rich oral tradition of songs and legends but no writing

8. Concept of Government Changes Rome: Loyalty to public government and written laws Citizenship in a public state Germanic Kingdoms: Family ties and personal loyalty Small communities governed by unwritten rules and tradition

9. Germanic Society Band of warriors pledged their loyalty to a Germanic chief Followers lived in lord’s hall He gave them food, weapons and treasure. Warriors fought to the death at lord’s side Outliving him was a disgrace Germanic warriors did not feel obligated to obey a king they did not know nor did they feel obligated to obey an official sent to collect taxes or administer justice in the name of an emperor they’d never met. Stress on personal ties made it difficult to establish orderly government for large territories

10. Germanic Kingdoms Clovis converted to Christianity after calling for Jesus help during battle – the enemy fled after the plea Clovis gained support of the Roman Catholic Church By 510, Clovis established Frankish kingdom from Pyrenees to present day Germany After Clovis death, his sons divided the kingdom Germans & Romans intermarried = German customs had an important role – Justice of Ordeals Extended family was center of society

11. Government Frankish King 771-814 Created many administrative units and appointed military governors – gave land to his warriors Used “Missi Domini” to report on affairs Ruled with the sword – continual warfare Charlemagne

12. Education Most people were poor and illiterate Encouraged trade and learning Studies Latin, Greek, Rhetoric, logic, astronomy, grammar, math, music – Liberal Arts curriculum Monasteries had scriptoria and wrote manuscripts Charlemagne

13. Legacy Blended Roman past, Germanic life, and Christianity – Foundation for European society. First Emperor in West since 476 Standardized minting of coins, writing style, Uniform religious practices and culture

14. Conquered Land United all Germanic people Modern France, Belgium, Holland, Switzerland, most of Germany, Spain, Italy Main city - Aachen Carolingian Empire

15. Political Developments Feudalism prevailed. Weak central authority meant that lords and vassals ruled locally through feudal obligations to the upper lords and king. The Catholic Church was single strongest unifying factor across Western Europe during this period. FEUDALISM

16. Economic Developments Serfdom and the manor system prevailed. Serfs were obligated to give a percentage of their crops to the lord in exchange for a plot of land and protection. Manors operated as self-sufficient communities and a lack of food surpluses resulted in most of the population being tied to agriculture. The lord of the manor determined what was to be raised and how much of it. Serfs were peasants who were bound to the land for life. They could not leave the manor without permission of the lord. MANORIALISM

18. Relationships in Medieval Society TitleProvidedReceived King __ _____ ___ (fief) to lords Taxes/loyalty/ ___________________________ Lords – Dukes - Landed estates (fief) to vassals  Justice in disputes among vassals  Armed forces  Support to _______________ - Allegiance, loyalty and faithfulness to obligations from vassals  Tributary money or goods  Military service when summoned  3 feudal dues: ransom, dowry, and __________________ Vassals ( lesser lords ) – Barons or Count - Land to ____________________  Support to lords in the form of money, military service, and loyalty - Taxes/loyalty/military support from knights and other lesser vassals  Labor from ____________ for tasks such as building roads, bridges, and dams Knights - Sir- Protection to serfs  Support to vassals as a warrior  Loyalty, Code of _____________ - Title from King  Taxes from serfs  Labor from serfs  Loyalty from serfs Serfs - _____________ to knights and lord  Help defending the castle in attacks  Payments for use of land - Protection from knights and lord  Land for _______________________  Economic security against crop failure  Justice in a local court Land Military Service King Knighthood Knights Serfs Chivalry Labor Farming

19. Social Developments Nobility of birth determined one’s social status. In the upper classes, marriage was key to political power, Honor, loyalty, and duty were stressed under the knight’s code of chivalry. Religious and moral authority rested in the hands of the Catholic Church and the Pope. Rigid Social Structure Serfs Need for security leads to the development of new technology: - Stirrup - Bigger Horses - Armor and Weapons of the knight Equipment was expensive, so knights needed land to support themselves

20. Nobility of the Middle Ages Medieval Warfare – Primary concern – Struggle for political, economic & social power – Tournament Contests where knights demonstrated their skills Joust – Chivalry Code of honor Ethics that knights were suppose to live by Treat captives as honored guest

21. Nobility of the Middle Ages Aristocratic Women – Could not own property – Father or husband in charge – Lady of the castle managed the estate Oversaw the food supply In charge house servants Financial accounts – Advisers to husbands Eleanor of Aquitaine – 2 Marriages: King Louis VII & King Henry II

22. PRO’S AND CON’S OF FEUDALISM Provided stability in a very uncertain time. Did provide a way for most people to make some kind of a living. Did provide protection. Highly decentralized – the king was held in high regard but had very little real power. Most of the power was really held in the hands of the nobles. Since Europe was not unified it was open to attack from without and internal fighting between local nobles and kings. Very inward looking with very little contact overseas. Lost most of the learning it had gained during classical times. Classical thoughts and practices continued in other parts of the world.

23. Role of the Catholic Church Christian faith and Catholic church, headed by the Pope, were sources of unity and order in the fragmented world of medieval Europe. Center of religious and social life All Christians belonged to one church – Roman Catholic Church Provided leadership in an unstable time The church was as important, if not more important, than many kings/queen Owned 1/3 of all land in Europe – largest landholder in Europe Collected a tithe – 1/10 of income or 1 penny from peasants Worst thing that could happen to someone is Excommunication from the church – being banned from all church activities & sacraments.

24. Hierarchy of Catholic Church Like Feudalism, the Church is built on relationships of Superiors & Inferiors. Bishops & Cardinals became the Church’s Nobility

25. Roman Catholic Church Pope claim was based on the belief that Jesus gave Peter the keys to Heaven Peter was considered to be the chief apostle & the first bishop of Rome Bishops who succeeded Peter were called popes = Latin word for “papa” – father Western Christians accepted the pope as the church’s leader, but could not agree on the pope’s powers Gregory I strengthened power by taking political control of Rome & surrounding territories

26. Monastery Life Monk = man who separates himself from the rest of the world to become closer to God/ Monasticism is the practice of living like a monk Saint Benedict founded an order of Monks & wrote rules for their practice Benedict’s rules divided the day into activities; emphasizing prayer & physical labor to keep monks busy Monks meditated & read privately/ They prayed together seven times a day All aspects of Benedict life was communal Abbot (father) ruled each Benedictine monastery Monks were to obey the Abbot/ took a vowel of poverty/monks dedication made then new heroes of Christian civilization/ were social workers in communities Monks spread Christianity throughout Europe/Irish & English monks were enthusiastic missionaries

28. King Alfred the Great united the various kingdoms of England that had been ruled by Anglo- Saxon kings Angles, Saxons, Germanic people were united England

29. Norman Conquest France gave coast land to Vikings called Normandy. Vikings had invaded England for centuries getting tribute. 10/4/1066, William of Normandy defeated King Harold of England at the Battle of Hastings William was then crowned King of England Norman knights received land as a fief and swore allegiance to the king Marriage of French & Anglo-Saxons led to a new English culture Normans adopted Anglo-Saxon institutions = office of sheriff, census called Domesday Book (census of England, first done since Romans) William further developed taxation & royal courts

30. Henry II of England Henry II enlarged English monarchy Expanded the power of the royal courts & king’s power/increased # of criminal cases tried on the king’s court Common law replaced law codes across the kingdom Tried to control Church but failed Thomas Beckett, archbishop of Canterbury said only Roman Catholic Church could try clergy Four knights murdered Beckett, Henry was outraged & backed down

32. Magna Carta English nobles resented the growth of the king’s power/ rebellion was raised against King John 1215, King John was forced to put his seal on the Magna Carta Magna Carta = feudal document, written recognition that the power of the king was limited & guaranteed rights to nobles 13 th century, under Edward I = English parliament emerged Parliament = 2 knights from every county, 2 people from every town, and all the bishops & nobles throughout England Eventually 2 houses were formed: – Nobles & church lords formed = House of the Lords – Knights & townspeoples = House of Commons – Parliaments granted taxes & passed laws

33. French Kingdom Kingdom of France was 1/3 of the former Carolingian empire Hugh Capet was chosen to be king by west Frankish nobles establishing the Capetian dynasty – first of the French Kings Capetians had little power & only controlled the land around Paris/ Dukes had more power than kings Phillip II of Augustus = was the turning point in the French monarchy. Makes France borders almost today’s borders. Phillip waged war against England & gained control of the Normandy, Maine, Anjou, & Aquitaine Phillip II successors continued to add land to the Kingdom 13 th century, Louis IX ruled/ deeply religious man who later made a saint by the Catholic church/Known for his attempts bring justice to his people Phillip IV, Phillip the Fair, effective in strengthening the French monarchy & expanding the royal bureaucracy Phillip IV started a French parliament/Estates General, representatives from: – First Estate – Clergy (Church) – Second Estate – Nobility – Third Estate - Townspeople

35. Holy Roman Empire Otto I is King of Eastern Frankish kingdoms, is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope for protecting him. German kings attempted to rule both German & Italian lands but struggled to do so Frederick’s attempt to conquer northern Italy caused problems Pope opposed him fearing that he wanted to include Rome & the papal states Northern Italian cities did not want to be his subjects Alliance of Italian cities & pope defeated Frederick I in 1176 Frederick II also waged a war against the pope & northern cities & lost

36. East & Central Europe Slavic people divided into 3 groups: western, eastern, & southern Slavs Western Slavs formed the Polish & Bohemian kingdoms Poles, Czechs, Hungarians were all converted to Christianity by German Monks Eastern Slavic people were converted to Orthodox Christianity by two Byzantine missionary brothers; Cyril & Methodius Croats, Serbs, & Bulgarians were converted to Eastern Orthodoxy St. Cyril and St. Methodius

38. Kievan Rus Oleg, Viking leader, settled in Kiev at the beginning of 10 th century & created principality of Kiev. Slav people call Viking lords the Russ – where word Russian comes from Oleg successors expanded Kiev until it reached territory between Baltic & Black Seas, & Danube & Volga rivers Vikings married Slavic wives & gradually assimilated into the Slavic population Rus leader, Vladimir I, married sister of Byzantine Emperor & officially accepted the Eastern Orthodox Church for all the people in 988 – Built churches – Adopted the Cyrillic alphabet – Oriented his trade toward the Byzantines. Kievan Rus prospered up until invasions brought an end to the 1 st Russian state in 1169

39. Mongol Rule in Russia 13 th century, Mongols conquered Russia & forced Russian princes to pay tribute to them Alexander Nevsky, prince of Novgorood, defeated a German army in northwest Russia in 1242 Khan, leader of Mongolia, rewarded Nevsky title of grand prince Nevsky descendants became princes of Moscow & eventual leaders of Russia Fall of Kiev

40. Justinian (527-565AD) Re-conquered parts of the Roman Empire – North Africa, Italy, Southern Spain United Empire – Justinian Code, new law code - Corpus Iuris Civilis, based on Roman Law and individual rights, Greek official language Beautified Constantinople – Built Hagia Sophia, government buildings, roads, walls, public baths, law courts, underground reservoirs, supported art, sculptures, mosaics, etc. Autocratic Rule – Became the sole ruler of the government and the Church – had absolute power Theodora – Justinian’s wife – worked for peace with Persia, fought for women’s rights, built hospitals and schools for the poor Byzantine Empire: 476-1453 AD: Keepers of Roman Civilization

41. Justinian’s Empire

42. Beginning of Byzantine Empire Justinian’s conquest left Eastern Roman empire with too much land to protect far from Constantinople Arab Muslims were the biggest threat to Eastern Roman Empire Islamic forces defeated an army of Eastern Roman at Yarmuk in 636 & lost Syria & Palestine 679, Bulgars defeated the Eastern Roman empire & took possession of the lower Danube Valley 8 th century, Eastern Roman empire was much smaller (Asia minor & eastern Balkans) How is Byzantine Empire different from Roman Empire? Both a Greek & Christian state Greek replaced Latin as the official language Christian church became known as Eastern Orthodox Church Byzantine emperor controlled the church & the state Emperor appointed the head of the church - Patriarch Government & religious officials were all bound together in the service of a spiritual ideal

43. Hagia Sophia Cathedral - Constantanople

44. The Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom) was built in just six years. The main dome is 102 feet in diameter and 183 feet high. The dome is architecturally the most interesting part. First note all those windows going around the outside. Windows are not weight-bearing structures. That means the weight of the dome is distributed around them by arches.

45. The Hippodrome Gladiator Fights and Chariot races were featured here. Successful Charioteers were acclaimed as heroes and honored with public statues. The Hippodrome was the heart of Constantinople's political life, as two groups, the Greens and Blues - like soccer hooligans, jousted for power. Emperors had to be aware of their demands and attitudes as many riots occurred.

46. The walls were virtually impregnable. The Walls of Theodosius were double layered. The inner wall was 16 feet thick and 40 feet tall. It had 96 staggered towers that were 70 feet tall. The external wall was 6.5 feet thick and 28 feet tall. In between the two was a ditch 65 feet wide and 20 feet deep.

47. Byzantine Art: Mosaics and Illuminated Manuscripts Eastern Orthodox Church did not accept the pope’s claim as head of Church 1054, Pope Leo IX & Michael Cerularius (Head of Byzantine Church) excommunicated each other Great Schism = seperation between two great branches of Christianity Easter Orthodox Church

48. Byzantine Empire Macedonians ruled the Byzantine Empire from 876-1081 Macedonians expanded the empire Expanded trade relations w/ Western Europe Late 11 th century = lot of political & social disorder

49. The Crusades

50. Crusades 11 th & 13 th centuries, European Christians carried out a series of military expeditions to take back the holy land from the Muslims Seljuk Turks won the Battle of Manzikert defeating Byzantines & threatened Constantinople Crusades began when Pope Urban II responded to the request of Alexius I to liberate Jerusalem & Palestine Urban II called for crusades against infidels Infidels were the non believers = Muslims, Jews

52. Why Join? Any knight that fought in the Crusades: Had his sins forgiven Anyone who died gained salvation and went to heaven Had debts wiped out Exempt from taxes Rumors of many riches in Palestine

53. 1 st Crusade Mostly French knights = captured Antioch in 1098 & Jerusalem in 1099 Massacred Muslim & Jewish inhabitants 4 Latin Crusader states were established that lasted 100 years 1120’s, Muslims began to strike back which led to another Crusade 2 nd Crusade The fall of a Latin Kingdom led to the call of another crusade Saint Bernard of Clairvaux called for the crusade & got the support of King Louis VII of France & Conrad III of Germany 2 nd Crusade was a total failure 1187, Jerusalem fell to Saladin 3 important rulers then agreed to begin a third Crusade 3 rd Crusade Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, Richard I (Richard the Lionhearted) of England, Phillip II of Augustus of France Members of the 3 rd arrived in the East by 1189 & encountered problems Barbarossa drowned while swimming in a river English & French had success with their naval fleets against coastal cities, but failed as they moved inland Richard I negotiated a settlement with Saladin to allow Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem 4 th Crusade 6 years after the death of Saladin in 1193, Pope Innocent III initiated the 4 th crusade On their way to the East became involved a conflict with the Byzantine Empire over the succession to the Byzantine throne Crusaders diverted to Constantinople & sacked the city in 1204/ Byzantine empire was reestablished in 1261 but was never as powerful Ottoman Turks eventually conquered Byzantine 190 years later

54. Crusaders

55. Results of the Crusades “History’s most successful failure” Later Crusades hurt image of Church New goods coming in from Middle East Leads to increased trade and exploration Brought about decline of feudalism and beginning of end of “Dark Ages”, discovery of Ancient World Increased “Cultural Diffusion” between Christian and Muslim world. Leads to interest in knowledge, foreign goods, & curiosity. Increased wealth of Italian city states – Genoa & Venice Persecution of Jews, start of Anti-Semitism