1. Child Development Laura E. Berk 8th edition Chapter 10 Emotional Development This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

2. Emotions Rapid appraisal of personal significance of situations Energize behavior; prepare for action Royalty Free Stock Photography Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

3. Functions of Emotions Effects on: Cognition Lead to learning essential for survival Can impair learning Social Affect behavior of others Regulate own behavior Health Influence well-being, growth, Stress related to diseases Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

4. Parental Depression and Child Development Infants of depressed mothers sleep poorly, are less attentive to their surroundings, and have elevated levels of cortisol. Paternal depression is a strong predictor of behavior problems. Children who are subjected to parental negativity develop a pessimistic world-view. Early treatment and quality of parenting are very important. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

5. Emotional Expressions Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

6. First Appearance of Basic Emotions Happiness Smile – from birth Social smile – 6 to 10 weeks Laugh – 3–4 months Anger General distress – from birth Anger – 4–6 months Sadness Less common than anger Often a response to a disruption in caregiver-infant communication Fear First fears – 6 – 12 months Stranger Anxiety – 8 – 12 months Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

7. Self-Conscious Emotions –Shame –Embarrassment –Guilt –Envy –Pride Emerge middle of second year Need adult instruction about when to feel them Photodisc Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

8. Development of Emotional Self-Regulation Infancy Develops over 1st year, with brain development Caregivers important Early Childhood Learn strategies for self-regulation Personality affects ability Fears common Middle Childhood/ Adolescence Rapid gains Fears shaped by culture Coping skills lead to emotional self- efficacy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

9. Common Early Childhood Fears MonstersGhostsDarkness Preschool/child care Animals Freephotos.com Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

10. Coping Strategies Problem-Centered Coping Used when situation is seen as changeable Identify the difficulty Decide what to do about it Emotion-Centered Coping Used if problem- centered coping does not work. –Situation is seen as unchangeable Internal private control of distress Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

11. Emotional Display Rules Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

12. Social Referencing Relying on another person’s emotional reaction to appraise an uncertain situation –Caregivers can use to teach children how to react Family Life Royalty Free CD Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

13. Cognitive Development and Emotional Understanding As children age, they judge causes of emotions better –Balance external and internal factors –Recognize thinking & feeling are connected –Consider conflicting cues –Appreciate mixed emotions Photodisc Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

14. Social Experience and Emotional Understanding Caregivers: –Teach about emotions –Scaffold emotional thought Siblings and Friends: –Negotiate –Act out emotions in play Family Life Royalty Free CD Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

15. Sympathy and Empathy Sympathy Feeling of concern or sorrow for another’s plight Empathy Feeling same or similar emotions as another person –Complex mix of cognition and emotion –Must detect emotions, take other’s perspective DigitalVision Royalty Free Stock Photography Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

16. Development of Empathy Newborns sense other babies’ distress Requires self-awareness Increases over school years Adolescence: can empathize with general life conditions DigitalVision Royalty Free Stock Photography Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

17. Individual Differences in Empathy Temperament –Social, warm, good at emotional regulation lead to high empathy Parenting –Warm, sensitive, empathic parents lead to high empathy DigitalVision Royalty Free Stock Photography Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

18. Structure of Temperament Easy – 40% Difficult – 10% Slow-to-warm-up – 15% Unclassified – 35% Family Life Royalty Free CD Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

19. Shy and Social Temperaments Inhibited, Shy React negatively, withdraw from new stimuli High heart rates, stress hormones & stress symptoms Higher right hemisphere frontal cortex activity Uninhibited, Sociable React positively, approach new stimuli Low heart rates, stress hormones, and stress symptoms Higher left hemisphere frontal cortex activity Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

20. Genetics and Environment on Temperament Genetic Influences Responsible for about half of individual differences Environmental Influences Cultural variations Nonshared environment Goodness of Fit Combines genetics and environment Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

21. Twins and Temperament Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

22. Shyness and Adjustment in China Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

23. Ethological Theory of Attachment 1. Preattachment 2. Attachment-in-the-making 3. Clear-cut attachment Separation anxiety Separation anxiety 4. Formation of a reciprocal relationship Stockbyte Royalty Free Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

24. The Strange Situation: Types of Attachment Secure – 60% Avoidant – 15% Resistant – 10% Disorganized/ disoriented – 15% Attachment Q-Sort Family Life Royalty Free CD Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

25. Cultural Variations in Attachment Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

26. Factors that Affect Attachment Security Opportunity for attachment Quality of caregiving –Sensitive caregiving –Interactional synchrony Infant characteristics Family circumstances Parents’ internal working models Stockbyte Royalty Free Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

27. Relationship Harmony and Attachment Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

28. Multiple Attachments FathersSiblingsGrandparents Professional caregivers Family Life Royalty Free CD Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

29. Fathers and Attachment Fathers as playmates, mothers as caregivers in many cultures Important factors in attachment –Sensitivity –Warmth –Family attitudes, relationships Family Life Royalty Free CD Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

30. Attachment and Later Development Secure attachment related to positive outcomes in: –Preschool –Middle childhood Continuity of caregiving may link infant attachment and later development Stockbyte Royalty Free Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

31. Working Models of Attachment Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.

32. Factors that Affect Attachment of Children in Child Care Initial Attachment Quality Family Circumstances Quality of Child Care –Developmentally Appropriate Practice Extent of Child Care Stockbyte Royalty Free Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Allyn & Bacon.