1. The Rise of Christianity Section 3

2. The Life and Teachings of Jesus Rome took control of Judea, the Jewish kingdom, and made it a province Many Jews believed that they would be freed again by a Messiah

3. Jesus of Nazareth

4. Jesus of Nazareth Continued… Born in Bethlehem Raised in Nazareth Age 30, began public ministry Preached Taught Did good works

5. Jesus of Nazareth Continued… Performed miracles Taught ideas about Jewish tradition Monotheism Ten Commandments Personal relationship with God Eternal kingdom after death

6. A Growing Movement The Gospels, first four books of the New Testament, give information about his teachings Written by some of Jesus’ disciples 12 disciples become known as apostles

7. Jesus’ Death Jesus’ popularity worried both Roman and Jewish leaders In Jerusalem crowds called him the Messiah Jewish priests denounced him Pontius Pilate said Jesus defied Roman authority Pilate arrested Jesus He was crucified

8. Jesus’ Death Continued… Three days later he is said to have ascended into heaven He became known as Jesus Christ Christos is a Greek word meaning “messiah” Christianity is derived from “Christ”

9. Christianity Spreads Through the Empire First followers were Jews New religion began to form

10. Paul’s Mission Paul was able to spread the word of God because… During the time of Pax Romana, it was safe to exchange of ideas Common languages He wrote the Epistles, influential letters Said Jesus was the son of God who died for people's sins Also said Christianity should welcome everyone, Jew or Gentile (non-Jew)

11. Jewish Rebellion 66 A.D. Jews rebelled against Rome 70 A.D. Romans stormed Jerusalem and destroyed the Temple Only Western portion of wall remains Holiest Jewish shrine

13. Panorama of the Western Wall with the Dome of the Rock (left) and al-Aqsa mosque (right) in the background

14. According to Sunni Islamic tradition, the rock is the spot from which Muhammad ascended to Heaven accompanied by the angel Gabriel. Further, Muhammad was taken here by Gabriel to pray with Abraham, Moses and Jesus.

15. Jewish Rebellion Continued… Centuries of Jewish exile followed This time is called Diaspora (dī-as-p(ə-)rə ) Meaning “dispersal”

16. Persecution of the Christians Christians refused to worship Roman gods Pax Romana was ending Christians began being persecuted Some people became martyrs Definition: people willing to sacrifice their lives for a belief or cause

17. A World Religion Five reasons why Christianity grew 1. Embraced all people 2. Gave hope to the powerless 3. Appeal against the extravagance of imperial Rome 4. Personal relationship with God 5. Eternal life after death

18. Constantine (tēn) Accepts Christianity 312 A.D. Roman emperor Constantine fought for leadership of Rome Before a big battle he saw an image of a cross Symbol put on soldiers' shields and they won

19. Constantine Accepts Christianity Continued… 313 A.D. Constantine announced an end to persecuting Christians 380 emperor Theodosius made it the official religion

20. Early Christian Church Structure of Christianity Priest Bishop Apostle Peter was the first one Some bishops said Peter was the first Pope They said whoever was a bishop of Rome was the leader of the whole Church Rome was the capital and center of the Church

21. Vatican City

22. A Single Voice Disagreements occur over beliefs If people went against the basic teachings, it was called heresy A set of standard beliefs were compiled, called the New Testaments Constantine called Church leaders to Nicaea in Anatolia Nicene Creed was written Defined the basic beliefs of the Church

23. The Fathers of the Church Definition: Early writers and scholars Augustine, bishop of Hippo in North Africa Wrote The City of God

24. Section 4 Fall of the Roman Empire

25. A Century of Crisis End of reign of Marcus Aurelius ended Pax Romana Next rulers didn’t know how to run such a large empire

26. Rome’s Economy Weakens Trade disrupted – Hostile tribes Lacked new sources of gold and silver, taxes were raised Inflation incurred – Coins minted that contained less silver. Value of money dropped Less harvested – Soil destroyed. Why? Food shortages, disease and less population occurred.

27. Military and Political Turmoil Soldiers less disciplined and loyal Gave allegiance not to Rome but to their commanders Mercenaries recruited What are they? Citizen’s loyalty lessened No longer willing to die for the Empire

28. Emperors Attempt Reform

29. Diocletian Reforms the Empire 1. Restored order to empire 2. Doubled size of army 3. Set fixed prices on goods 4. Presented himself in godlike aura 5. Divided empire into two parts  East and West The larger cities were in the East and seen as more powerful  Had a co-ruler After he left office, civil war broke out 4 fought for control of empire  Who was one of these?

31. Constantine Moves the Capital Constantine gains Western part of empire Continued Diocletian's policies  Then he secured the East Moved capital from Rome to Byzantium  Power now in the East City takes the name Constantinople After Constantine's death, empire divided again with East surviving, West failing

32. The Western Empire Crumbles Western Roman Empire’s decline happened over many years Final collapse caused by 1. Internal problems 2. Separation from wealthier Eastern part 3. Outside invasions

33. Germanic Invasions Germanic people lived in peace on the northern borders of the empire Mongol nomads, the Huns began attacking from the north forcing the Germanic people into Roman lands  They were called “barbarians” meaning non-Roman These Germans overran Rome

34. Attila the Hun Huns become a threat by uniting under Attila  100,000 soldiers Attacked both Eastern and Western empires  Constantinople's walls couldn’t be scaled.  Famine and disease caused them not to take Rome Attila dies  Huns are not a threat, but Germanic people still are

35. An Empire No More Last Roman Emperor  Romulus Augustus, kicked out by Germans in 476 A.D. No one ruled in Western empire Eastern empire became the Byzantine Empire  Ruled from Constantinople Ruled for over 1,000 years  Empire ended in 1453 falling to the Ottoman Turks

36. Section 5 Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization

37. The Legacy of Greco-Roman Civilization Mixing of Greek, Hellenistic and Roman culture Also called classical civilization Artists, philosophers and writers created their own style as well

38. Roman Fine Arts Roman sculpture more realistic Practical in purpose, used for education

39. Roman Fine Arts Continued Developed bas-relief sculpture – Images project from a flat background

40. Roman Fine Arts Continued Created mosaics and frescos which could be found in villas

41. Roman Fine Arts Continued What was found in Pompeii?

42. Learning (Philosophy) and Literature Borrowed from Greeks Philosophy Stoicism Literature Created own themes and ideas

43. Learning (Philosophy) and Literature Cont.d’ Virgil Wrote the Aeneid, epic of Aeneas, based on Homer’s works Ovid Wrote light poetry, Amores Livy Wrote about the myth of Rome Tacitus wrote about true history Annals and Histories: good and bad of Rome

44. The Legacy of Rome Still felt daily in the Western world

45. The Latin Language Official language of the Roman Catholic Church More than half the words in English have Latin basis

46. Master Builders Arch, dome and concrete Aqueduct Roads Colosseum

48. Roman System of Law Standards of justice established Early Roman law dealt with strengthening the rights of citizens See page 183 for the five you need to be familiar with

49. Rome’s Enduring Influence Western cultural tradition strengthened Other cultures were developing at this same time India: Mauryan and Gupta empires China: Han Empire