1. The Early Middle Ages and the Rise of Europe

2. Foundations of Early Medieval Society Classical heritage of Rome Christian beliefs Customs of German tribes

3. Background Information The decline of Roman influence in Western Europe left people with little protection against invasion, so they entered into feudal agreements with land-holding lords who promised them protection.

4. Feudal Agreements As we have seen repeatedly through the year, when power falls, chaos often follows. With the decline of the Western Roman Empire (the power), western Europe fell into complete chaos. Germanic Invasions shattered Roman protection over the Empire.

5. Rise of Feudal Agreements Roman protection is gone Roman towns are in decline, losing population rapidly. Remember, Roman towns developed to support trade with the Roman legions stationed at forts, protecting the borders.

6. From This To This

7. Rise of Feudal Agreements Without any central government, those towns started to die and people drifted away. Add to this mix, the Germanic barbarians wandering the countryside causing trouble.

8. Rise of Feudal Agreements People were looking for leadership and protection. Local strongmen who commanded small armies often provided that protection

9. Rise of Feudal Agreements The agreement part came when people agreed to work the land of the local strongman in return for protection. “I’ll farm for you and you won’t let the bad guys get me.” Each side had responsibilities and benefits.

10. Medieval Society Feudal society developed during the Middle Ages and included the following groups: – Nobles – Peasants

11. Nobles Ruling class, top of the pyramid, the strongman Kings, lords, vassals, and knights were all types of nobility.

12. Peasants Lowest class, also the largest Approximately 95% of the entire population of Europe at this time were Peasants. Peasants had no power and lived dirty, difficult, short lives of unending work, mostly farm work.

13. Peasants Peasants were mainly made up of serfs: – Serfs – tied to the land, could not leave the land of their lord. The lord had complete power over the serf.

14. Nobility & Feudal Obligation Remember, there is no central government during the early Middle Ages. Powerful nobles would grant land to a lesser noble in return for military service. This is called the Lord-Vassal Relationship.

15. Nobility & Feudal Obligation Lord – noble man who granted land Vassal – received land, expected to be loyal and provide military support – Vassal showed loyalty by fighting in case of war and by paying a ransom to free his captured lord.

16. Nobility & Feudal Obligation Fief – the lot of land granted to a vassal by a lord Knight – landless noble (often the second or third son of a noble) who was trained to fight for a living – professional warrior

17. King or Monarch King’s Vassals LORDS Vassals to lower lords Peasants

18. Medieval Manor System In 476, the last of the Western Roman Empire vanished. One of the major reasons for the decline and fall of Rome was the Germanic Invasions

19. Medieval Manor System Those invasions continued into the Medieval period, also known as the Middle Ages. These invaders were the Angles, Saxons, Magyars and Vikings. They greatly influenced the development of Europe.

20. Medieval Manor System Angles and Saxons came from the European continent and settled in England

21. Medieval Manor System Magyars came from Central Asia and settled in what is now Hungary

22. Medieval Manor System Vikings were raiders that rarely settled. Periodically made raids into Europe, stole everything they could, and then went back to Scandinavia.

23. What was the Result of these Invasions? Invasions disrupted trade Towns declined Strengthened the Feudal system

24. Medieval Manor Manors, often with castles, provided protection from invasion, first establishing and then reinforcing the feudal system of allegiance for protection. Castles were fortresses, defensive fortifications designed to withstand months of siege and keep out invaders

29. Medieval Manor The medieval manor functioned as the only real social and economic system of the Middle Ages. They had a rigid social structure (no movement)

30. Medieval Manor They were totally self-sufficient, producing everything they needed right on the manor. During the Middle Ages, trade was nearly non-existent.

31. Wheat Field Fallow Field Mill Church Lord’s Manor House Well Blacksmith Shop Lord’s Oven Peasant’s Houses Kitchen Garden Peas, Oats, Barley, Beans

32. The Age of Charlemagne The Franks were a Germanic tribe who conquered much of the old Roman territory of Gaul, modern day France. The Franks emerged as a force in Western Europe. Ruling between 400-700.

33. The Age of Charlemagne The king at the time converted to Christianity, which made the powerful Pope and the Roman Catholic Church his ally.

34. The Age of Charlemagne This alliance between Frankish Kings and the Church reestablished Roman culture in Western Europe.

35. Charlemagne The most famous of the Frankish kings was Charlemagne. Charle – Charles Magne – Great Charlemange – Charles the Great

36. Accomplishments of Charlemagne 1. Revived the idea of a Roman Empire – Revived Roman Culture

37. Accomplishments of Charlemagne 2. On Christmas Day, 800, the Pope crowned him “Emperor of the Romans.” -However the SOLs say he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor

38. Accomplishments of Charlemagne 3. The Church is firmly established in political life – Because it was the Pope that crowned him emperor, the power of the church is closely aligned to the political power.

39. Accomplishments of Charlemagne 4. Churches, roads, and schools were built to unite the empire.

40. Open Notes Quiz I

41. The Medieval Church

42. The Roman Catholic Church grew in importance after Roman authority declined. It became the unifying force in western Europe.

43. The Church, being the only organization left standing after the fall of Rome, and becomes the central institution of the Middle Ages. The Church served the social, political, and religious needs of the people.

44. The Pope would anoint (give legitimacy) to the Holy Roman Emperor Missionaries spread Christianity to the Germanic Tribes, and brought with them the remains of Roman culture.

45. Influence of the Church The Church reached out across Europe in several ways: 1. As Roman authority declined, the authority of the Church grew

46. Influence of the Church 2. Missionaries carried Christianity and the Latin alphabet to the Germanic tribes 3. Like Byzantine libraries, and Islamic universities, monasteries preserved Greco-Roman culture

47. Influence of the Church A monastery is a place where a community of monks live Monks are men who have taken vows of poverty, chastity and obedience

48. Influence of the Church Parish priests, the local priests, served the religious and social needs of the people. Parish priest would baptize babies, perform weddings, and administer final death rites.

49. Church and Education Education was confined to the clergy during the Middle Ages. The peasants were too busy working the lord’s land The Nobility were too busy fighting and taking care of their feudal obligations.

50. Church and Education Church scholars preserved classical literature in monasteries. Many monks’ job was to copy and recopy the ancient texts.

51. The Role of Church Scholars Church scholars were among the few in the Middle Ages who could read and write Church scholars usually worked in monasteries. Church scholars would translate Greek and Arabic works into Latin.

52. The Role of Church Scholars Monks made available knowledge in the fields of philosophy, medicine, and science, which had been imported from the East (Byzantium and Islam) – Things like cataract surgeries Church scholars laid the foundation for the rise of universities in Europe

53. Late Middle Ages: The Crusades Late Middle Ages Dates: 1050-1450 The Crusades were wars of religion carried out by Christian religious, political, and military leaders.

54. Late Middle Ages: The Crusades The goal of the Crusades was to take control of the “Holy Land” The “Holy Land” is the Christian term for Jerusalem

55. The Crusades – 1 st Key Event There are five key events in the Crusades: 1. Pope Urban II Speech – Islamic armies had captured Jerusalem in 637. In 1095, 458 years later, Pope Urban urged Christians to use any means necessary to take back the Holy Land.

56. The Crusades – 1 st Key Event His motives were not strictly religious. He wanted to increase his power, heal the great schism between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church. He also wanted to limit Christians fighting Christians, which was common during this time.

57. The Crusades – 2nd Key Event 2. Capture of Jerusalem – In 1099, Christian crusaders did manage to recapture Jerusalem. In the process, they slaughtered everyone they came across, Muslim, Jew, and Christian.

58. The Crusades – 3rd Key Event 3. Founding of the Crusader States – After the success of the First Crusade and the taking of Jerusalem, the Christians set up four small city-states called the Crusader States.

60. The Crusades – 3rd Key Event Despite this early success, Muslims continued to fight with Christians over this territory. Christians responded by building huge, fortress castles to defend themselves.

63. The Crusades – 4th Key Event 4. Loss of Jerusalem to Saladin in 1187. Saladin was a Muslim general who retook the city. – Unlike the Christian crusaders, Saladin gave fair warning to anyone that he was invading, and he allowed both Christians and Jews to live in peace in the city.

64. The Crusades – 5th Key Event 5. Sacking of Constantinople by Western Crusaders – In 1204, during the 4 th Crusade (there were 7 major crusades and 4 or 5 minor ones), Venice sent Crusaders to attack Constantinople. Now why would they do that?

66. The Crusades – 5th Key Event Venice was a trading town. Its biggest competition was from Constantinople. Crusaders asked the Venetians to transport them to the Holy Land. Venetians convinced them to take a detour first.

67. The Crusades – 5th Key Event Venetians convinced the Crusaders to sack the city. Crusaders did successfully attack the city and they stole everything that wasn’t nailed down, and some stuff that was! Today, the best Byzantine art can be found in Venice

70. Four Effects of the Crusades 1.Weakened the Pope and nobles but strengthened the kings and monarchs. 2.Stimulated trade through the Mediterranean world and the Middle East

71. Four Effects of the Crusades 3.Left a legacy of bitterness among Christians, Jews, and Muslims (and this bitterness still survives to this day!) 4.After the 4 th Crusade, the Byzantine Empire is left very weak.

72. Open Notes Quiz 2

73. The Rise of Nation States In Europe

74. In the Late Medieval Period, European monarchies consolidated power and began forming nation-states.

75. A nation-state is like a city- state in that they are independent political entities. They are different from city-states in that they control a much larger territory.

76. People in a nation-state, especially in this early period, would share a common territory, language, culture and history.

77. Nation-States European kings, intent on building a nation-state, expanded their territories and consolidated their power.

78. England

79. William the Conqueror, leader of the Norman Conquest (in what becomes France), united most of England

80. England about 878

81. England after the Norman Conquest

82. England Common law (law made by court decisions) has its beginnings during the reign of Henry II

83. England King John (the worst king in English history) signed the Magna Carta which limited the power of the crown.

84. England The Hundred Years’ War between England and France helped define England as a nation.

85. France

86. Hugh Capet established the French throne in Paris and his dynasty gradually expanded their control over the rest of France

87. France about 893

88. France The Hundred Year’s War between England and France helped define France as a nation. Joan of Arc also helped to unify France.

89. Hundred Years’ War- Causes 1.Long term conflict between England and France, mostly over English control of lands claimed by France 2.The desire by French kings to expand their power 3.Edward III of England claimed to be the King of France in 1337. 4.Rivalry over trade – economic rivalry. 5.Each nation had a growing sense of themselves as unique from one another. Growing patriotism or national pride.

90. Hundred Years’ War- Effects 1.French kings do expand their power 2.English kings lost power (mostly over the kingdoms’ finances - power of the purse) to Parliament 3.English lost their hold over those disputed French lands 4.New military technology is developed – England – Longbow; France - cannon 5.With the rise of gunpowder weaponry, castles and knights are obsolete.

91. Russia

92. Ivan the Great drove the Mongols out of Russia, centralized power in Moscow and expanded the Russian nation.

93. Russia Power was centralized in the hands of the Russian king or czar (from the Roman Caesar)

94. Russia The religion of the Russians was of course, the Orthodox Church, which helped to unify the nation

95. SOL Review Question What civilization have we studied that most influenced art and architecture, (like this church - St. Basil’s) in Russia?

96. Spain

97. Ferdinand and Isabella unified the country and expelled all the Muslim Moors out in 1492.

98. Spain Spanish empire expanded into the Western Hemisphere (the Americas) especially under King Charles V of Spain.

99. Invasions of the Late Middle Ages

100. Three Types of Invasions 1.Mongol 2.Ottoman 3.Infectious

101. Mongol Invasions Mongols are from north of China They moved out from Mongolia and invaded Russia, China, and Muslim states in Southwest Asia creating a new empire.

103. Ottoman invasions Ottoman Turks conquered the Byzantine Empire 1453, and sacked the city of Constantinople, renaming it Istanbul. Istanbul becomes the capital of the Ottoman Empire.

104. Infectious invasions In the 14 th century, the Black Death or bubonic plague wiped out large portions of the populations of Asia and then Europe. The impact of such a large loss of life reverberated throughout the region.

107. Infectious invasions - Impact Loss of population which caused… – Scarcity of labor – Loss of people and subsequent labor also caused trade to decline. – Towns were no longer bound by their feudal obligations – The Church, unable to give a satisfactory response to large scale death, lost a great deal of influence.

110. Open Notes Quiz 3