1 Revise for GCSE History: Superpower Relations, 1945-90 This is the fifth of five revision topics. Origins of the Cold War Events in Europe, 1945-55 Hungary,

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1 Revise for GCSE History: Superpower Relations, This is the fifth of five revision topics. Origins of the Cold War Events in Europe, Hungary, Berlin and Cuba Attempts at Détente, The end of Détente, The end of the Cold War: How to use this Revision Presentation. The Presentation is divided into three sections. Spend about 10 minutes revising each section. Write Revision Notes, label them clearly and keep them all in one place. Return to this Presentation often to help embed your learning.

2 Revise for GCSE History: Superpower Relations, There are three sections to this topic. What was Gorbachev’s role in ending the Cold War? How did the Arms Race end? Why did the Soviet Union collapse so quickly? Spend about 10 minutes revising each section. Write Revision Notes, title them clearly and keep them all in one place.

3 Revise for GCSE History: Superpower Relations, What was Gorbachev’s role in ending the Cold War? Cold War ended when Gorbachev called it off. Reasons: Soviet Union could no longer afford the cost. Standard of living falling in the USSR. He wanted to reform the communist party. Strategies adopted by Gorbachev: Perestroika (restructuring) and Glasnost (openness). Ended the arms race and signed arms reduction agreements. Withdrew Soviet control of and support for satellite states. How Gorbachev’s domestic policies reduced tension: Walkabouts where he talked to ordinary people. Dissidents released from jail, banned books allowed and Stalin’s crimes exposed. Introduction of a free market economy to help recovery from arms race and Afghan war.

4 Revise for GCSE History: Superpower Relations, How did the Arms Race end? Geneva 1985 Reagan and Gorbachev meet. Reagan refuses to abandon SDI (Star Wars). After a private meeting, Geneva Accord. Speed up arms talks. Try to abolish chemical weapons. Become more active on human rights. October 1986, Reykjavik Summit. Tentative agreement to massively reduce nuclear arsenals. Fail after RR refuses to abandon SDI. December The Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF). Eliminated nuclear and conventional ground launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges of 300 to 3400 miles. By June 1991, 2,692 weapons had been destroyed. Military inspection allowed by each side. Stated intention to eliminate long range weapons. Gorbymania: Gorbachev became popular hero in the West. Strong personal ties between Raisa Gorbachev and Nancy Reagan assisted arms reduction. The Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty. Troop reductions in Europe in Gorbachev promised to withdraw troops from Afghanistan. CFE signed by NATO and Warsaw Pact in Nov to reduce tanks, missiles and aircraft. Malta Summit Dec George Bush and Gorbachev announce that the Cold War is over. Kuwait War 1990, the two Superpowers act closely together to follow UN directives. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (START), Washington Summit Reduce strategic / nuclear forces.

5 Revise for GCSE History: Superpower Relations, Why did the Soviet Union collapse so quickly? Soviet Union could not afford the cost of supporting the communist governments in Eastern Europe. and the satellites were no longer needed to protect the SU from attack Gorbachev rejects the Brezhnev Doctrine Gorbachev allows Warsaw Pact countries to make their own choices “Sinatra Doctrine”. Changes in Eastern Europe 1989 Poland, non-communist government elected Hungary, free elections planned and Soviet troops withdrawn. Hungary opens border with Austria, which was a hole in the Iron Curtain. Events in East and West Germany Demonstrations in the East. Gorbachev visits and told leaders not to expect Soviet support Berlin Wall and all border crossings opened. East and West Germany formally united Oct Germany joined NATO in Collapse of the Soviet Union Events in Eastern Europe led to break up of Soviet Union Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania independent. Fears that the country would disintegrate, ie other nationalities to be free. Coup d’état August 1991, defeated by Boris Yeltsin. Gorbachev resigned December Soviet empire splits into independent states. Assessment of Gorbachev Nobel Peace Prize. Freed satellite states of Eastern Europe. Personal friendship with Reagan led to end of Cold War. INF treaty and withdrawal from Afghanistan. Did not interfere with anti-communist revolutions in eastern Europe. Glasnost.