1. The End of the Cold War

2. Reasons for Collapse External (meaning what other countries did) President Reagan puts moral and economic pressure on the Soviet Union Moral – Berlin Wall Speech Economic – military spending and Star Wars Internal (meaning things that happened within the communist countries and the Soviet Union) Gorbachev’s glasnost and perestroika (openness and economic restructuring) Increasing Soviet military expenses to compete with the United States. Rising nationalism in Soviet republics – they don’t want to be communist any more. Fast-paced reforms—market economy Economic inefficiency – communism isn’t working

3. Gorbachev’s Changes Mikhail Gorbachev comes to power and starts to make some big changes. Perestroika – economic reforms – encouraged limited private ownership. Glasnost – “openness,” more freedom of press, education etc.

4. Other Reasons Nationalism in Warsaw Pact countries: Begin declaring independence 1989 Revolutions in Poland, Czech, Hungary, etc. 1989: Berlin Wall torn down! Expansion of NATO into Eastern Europe.

5. Results Soviet Union dissolved. 1991: Boris Yeltsin elected the first president of the Russian Federation. The Cold War ends!