1. The End of the Cold War Objective: To explain how the Cold War came to an end

2. Gorbachev’s Reforms to Save Communism 1. Glasnost-Openness, more political freedom 2. Perestroika-Restructuring of the Soviet economic and political system 3. Withdrawal of Soviet troops from Eastern Europe (Reversal of Soviet policy since 1945) Cut Costs Encouraged the Eastern bloc Communist leaders to embrace reform Gorbachev did not intend to weaken communist control there, he simply wanted to strengthen it through reform – however once reform had begun he could not contain it…

3. Rather than saving the communist system in the USSR & Eastern Europe, Gorbachev’s reforms helped bring an end to communism

4. 1. Poland 1988 sees strikes throughout the country & by June 1988 the communist government is defeated in free elections. 2. Hungary Although in May 1989 Hungary opens its borders with Austria, the Communist government is not defeated until early 1990. 6. Bulgaria Early 1990 democratic elections are held & the renamed Communist Party wins. 3. East Germany In September 1989 thousands of East Germans escape through Hungary to West Germany & by November the Berlin Wall comes down. In 1991 Germany is reunited. 5. Romania (the most brutal government in Eastern Europe) Following huge Demonstrations from December 1989 & a very violent response from the secret police, democratic elections are eventually held in 1990. 4. Czechoslovakia Following huge Demonstrations from against communism, the government resigns in November & a non-communist becomes President in December. The Fall of the Eastern Bloc 1989-90 What are the implications of this for the USSR?

5. 1. Poland 1988—strikes throughout the country. By June 1988 the Communist gov’t was defeated in free elections by Solidarity. Lech Walesa was the new president.

6. 2. Hungary In May 1989 Hungary opened its borders with Austria, allowing people to flee the Communist bloc. Its Communist gov’t was defeated in free elections in early 1990.

7. 3. East Germany In September 1989 1000s of East Germans escaped through Hungary into West Germany. November 9, 1989 the Berlin Wall came down. In Oct.1990 Germany was reunited.

8. 4. Czechoslovakia Anti-Communist demonstrations forced the go’vt to resign in Nov. & a non-Communist became President in December. Called the Velvet Revolution because it was peaceful.

9. Response of the Soviet Union During all the revolutions in Eastern Europe, Gorbachev did nothing. The Soviet Union did not use the military as it had done in the past to stop the revolutions. But.... What impact would these revolutions have on the Soviet Union and ultimately the Cold War???

10. Impact of the Fall of Eastern Bloc Communism on the Soviet Union

11. 1. End of Warsaw Pact - The pact had united the communist states of Eastern Europe against the capitalist states in the West. - As the states rejected communism, the pact became null and void. - Military co-operation between Eastern European states ended early 1990 - Formal dissolving of Warsaw Pact July 91

12. 12  With the advent of glasnost, the Communist Party had loosened control of the Soviet Union.  Various ethnic groups from the Soviet republics began openly calling for independence. 2. Rise of Nationalism

14. Ethnic nationalism & desire for democracy led to the break-up of the Soviet Union from 1990 to 1991 In 1990, the Soviet states of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania declared independence from the Soviet Union

15. 15  Fearing that the USSR would break up, hard-liners tried to overthrow Gorbachev on 19 Aug 1991.  The coup ended in failure and Boris Yeltsin, president of Russia, banned the Communist Party.  Though the coup did not succeed, Gorbachev’s power was gone. He was leader of a disintegrating country.  On 25 Dec 1991, he resigned. The USSR broke up and became the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). 3. Fall of Gorbachev & Fall of the Soviet Union

16. The Fall of Gorbachev & the Soviet Union Gorbachev was widely respected in the West for his willingness to reform and the fact that his policies had led to the break-up of Eastern Europe. As a result, Gorbachev officially announced the dissolution of the Soviet Union and his resignation as President on 25 December 1991. Leading members of the communist party believed Gorbachev had severely weakened communism. They organised a coup on 19 August 1991 which removed him from power. Gorbachev was away from the capital at the time and was prevented from returning. The new gvt declared a state of emergency and aimed to restore the power of the Soviet Union. The new gvt lasted 3 days. Boris Yeltsin, played a crucial role in defeating the coup. he called upon the people to resist the new regime. 21 Aug Gorbachev returned and resumed his position as Soviet leader, and announced it was his goal to save communism. But the coup had damaged his authority. Gorbachev’s final attempt to save the Soviet Union was a new constitution which gave Soviet republics greater independence. However the leaders of these countries did not accept as they wanted full independence.

17. Ethnic nationalism & desire for democracy led to the break-up of the Soviet Union from 1990 to 1991 In 1991, the Soviet Union broke apart & 15 new nations were formed

18. 4. End of the Cold War The dissolution of the USSR ended the superpower conflict. The Cold War was over. America was left as the world’s only superpower.

19. On 25 Dec 1991, the USSR broke up and became the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).