Macromolecules The building blocks of life

Hierarchy of life Living organisms are made up smaller units; macromolecules; “giant molecules”. Living organisms are made up smaller units; macromolecules; “giant molecules”. There are four groups of organic compounds found in living things; There are four groups of organic compounds found in living things; They are: They are: Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Lipids Lipids Nucleic acids Nucleic acids proteins proteins

Macromolecules These large molecules are based around the chemistry of carbon These large molecules are based around the chemistry of carbon Remember Carbon can have four covalent bonds. Remember Carbon can have four covalent bonds. This gives carbon the ability to form chains that are unlimited in length. This gives carbon the ability to form chains that are unlimited in length. Macromolecules are formed by a process known as polymerization. Macromolecules are formed by a process known as polymerization.

Polymerization Polymerization is when large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together. Polymerization is when large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together. The smaller units are called monomers. The smaller units are called monomers. These monomers join together to make polymers. These monomers join together to make polymers.

Polymerization Basic formula: Basic formula: Monomer + Monomer + Monomer = Polymer. Monomer + Monomer + Monomer = Polymer. For example: Amino Acid +Amino Acid +Amino Acid = Protein. For example: Amino Acid +Amino Acid +Amino Acid = Protein. Or, Glucose +Glucose + Glucose +Glucose = Starch Or, Glucose +Glucose + Glucose +Glucose = Starch

Carbohydrates Means Energy ! Means Energy !

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for living things. Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for living things. General Formula: (CH 2 O) General Formula: (CH 2 O) Plants and some animals use carbohydrates for structural purposes. Plants and some animals use carbohydrates for structural purposes. The monomer for carbohydrates are called monosaccharides. The monomer for carbohydrates are called monosaccharides. The polymer is called polysaccharides. The polymer is called polysaccharides.

Monomer: Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) A common monomer for carbohydrates is glucose. It is a simple sugar. This is the form the cells in our body can break down. A common monomer for carbohydrates is glucose. It is a simple sugar. This is the form the cells in our body can break down. Other common monomers are fructose and galactose. Other common monomers are fructose and galactose.

Polymerization of Carbohydrates: A chain of glucose molecules can, depending on how they are linked become starch, glycogen or cellulose. A chain of glucose molecules can, depending on how they are linked become starch, glycogen or cellulose.

Carbohydrates (Animal use) Many animals store excess sugar in a polysaccharide called glycogen. Many animals store excess sugar in a polysaccharide called glycogen. When blood sugar levels drop, the glycogen is released from the liver. When blood sugar levels drop, the glycogen is released from the liver. Glycogen stored in your muscles supplies the energy for movement. Glycogen stored in your muscles supplies the energy for movement.

Carbohydrates (Plant Use) Plants use a different polysaccharide called starch to store excess sugar. Plants use a different polysaccharide called starch to store excess sugar. Plants also use cellulose, another polysaccharide, which is tough, flexible. Plants also use cellulose, another polysaccharide, which is tough, flexible. This is the major component of wood and paper. This is the major component of wood and paper. Humans can not digest cellulose – it is fiber. Humans can not digest cellulose – it is fiber.

Carbohydrates Function Store Energy. Store Energy. For animals in glycogen For Plants in Starch

Carbohydrates Function Structure! Structure!

Carbohydrates Function Structure: Structure: Insects use chitin in their exoskeleton. Insects use chitin in their exoskeleton.

Lipids

Lipids: The facts Lipids are not soluble in water. Lipids are not soluble in water. Lipids are made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms. Lipids are made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms. Lipids can be used to store energy Lipids can be used to store energy Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings. Steroids are lipids, too. Steroids are lipids, too.

Lipid General Formula

Lipids Unsaturated fats Unsaturated fats There is at least one carbon to carbon bond. There is at least one carbon to carbon bond. Liquids at room temperature. Liquids at room temperature. Examples include: Examples include: Olive oil, corn oil, canola oil, peanut oil, fish oil etc. Olive oil, corn oil, canola oil, peanut oil, fish oil etc. Saturated Fats Saturated Fats This fatty acid contains the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms. These are usual animal fats. Fat on meat, grease

Lipids Unsaturated Fats Unsaturated Fats Saturated Fats Saturated Fats

Lipids: Review Lipids are comprised of two major parts: Lipids are comprised of two major parts: Glycerol and fatty acid Glycerol and fatty acid Lipids hate water; meaning they are hydro phobic. Lipids hate water; meaning they are hydro phobic. There are two major types of Fats: There are two major types of Fats: Saturated (no double bond) Saturated (no double bond) Unsaturated (at least one double bond). Unsaturated (at least one double bond).

Eating too much fat leads to Bad News...Let this be a lesson to us all!

Nucleic Acids DNA

Nucleic Acids: The facts Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary or genetic information. Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary or genetic information. There are two types of nucleic acids: There are two types of nucleic acids: RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Nucleotides Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides. Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides. Nucleotides consist of three parts: Nucleotides consist of three parts: 5 Carbon sugar 5 Carbon sugar A phosphate group A phosphate group Nitrogenous base Nitrogenous base

Types of Nucleotides:

DNA and RNA DNA RNA

Proteins

Proteins Proteins are macromolecules that are found throughout our bodies. Proteins are macromolecules that are found throughout our bodies. Proteins have many different functions such as: Proteins have many different functions such as: Control the rate of reactions Control the rate of reactions Regulate cell processes Regulate cell processes To form bones and muscles To form bones and muscles To transport substances into or out of the cell. To transport substances into or out of the cell. To fight disease To fight disease

Amino Acids Proteins are polymers of molecules called Amino Acids. Proteins are polymers of molecules called Amino Acids. There are more than 20 different forms of amino acids. There are more than 20 different forms of amino acids. Amino acids have a different side chain called the R-group. Amino acids have a different side chain called the R-group.

Levels of organization of Proteins

Chemical Reactions A Chemical reaction is a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals. A Chemical reaction is a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals. Chemical reactions always involve the breaking of bonds in reactants and the formation of bonds in products. Chemical reactions always involve the breaking of bonds in reactants and the formation of bonds in products. CO 2 + H 2 O  H 2 CO 3 (Reactants)(Products)

Energy in Reactions Chemical reactions that release energy often occur spontaneously. Chemical reactions that release energy often occur spontaneously. Chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy. Chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy. There are two types of Chemical Reactions: There are two types of Chemical Reactions: Energy-Absorbing Reactions Energy-Absorbing Reactions Energy-Releasing Reactions Energy-Releasing Reactions

Energy Absorbing Reactions

Energy-Releasing Reactions

Enzymes Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts. Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells. Enzymes lower the activation energy! Enzymes lower the activation energy!