AGENDA – 9/3/2015 Take out your composition notebook and take out your foldable that we made yesterday! Bell-Ringer: Building Blocks of Life Biomolecules notes Homework: –Syllabus/Lab Safety Contract, signature form on Moodle due by Fri. 9/4/15

Bell-Ringer: 9/3/2015 Put the following in order from what you think is smallest to largest. ATOMMONOMER, molecule POLYMER, molecule CELL ORGANELLETISSUE ORGAN

Bio- molecules Bio-molecules are large molecules that make up living things. Life Two or more atoms bonded together Carbohydrates (sugars) Proteins Lipids (fats) Nucleic Acids

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages A carbohydrate is a bio-molecule that supplies us with energy and has a 1:2:1 ratio of Carbon:Hydrogen:Oxygen in the molecule. Bio-molecule: CarbohydratesThe sub-unit (monomer) of carbohydrates are single sugars, called monosaccharides.

Carbs range from small sugar molecules to long starch molecules we consume in pasta and potatoes. Key source of energy found in most foods — especially fruits, vegetables, and grains

Carbohydrates: Monosaccharide: single sugar unit Examples: Glucose ( Examples: Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Fructose (Fruit Sugar) Galactose glucose

GLUCOSE Glucose is the simple sugar (monosaccharide) that plants make during photosynthesis. Plants use glucose: As an energy reserve until they need it To grow taller and bigger To create products such as plant hormone. Animals use glucose: As an energy reserve until we need it For energy It is known as our “blood sugar”

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages MONOSACCHARIDES Simple sugars glucose, fructose, and galactose have the same formula: But they are different because the atoms are arranged differently: Bio-molecule: Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates Disaccharide: double sugar unit Examples: –Sucrose (glucose+fructose) –Lactose (glucose+galactose) –Maltose (glucose+glucose) glucoseglucose

Polysaccharides Many sugars (basically a large molecule made of lots of single sugars bonded together) Many sugars (basically a large molecule made of lots of single sugars bonded together) Examples:starch (glucose storage in plants) glycogen (glucose storage in animals) cellulose (fiber, plant cell walls) chitin (insect exoskeleton, fungus cell walls) chitin (insect exoskeleton, fungus cell walls) glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose cellulose

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages Lipids are large biomolecules that are insoluble (cannot dissolve) in water. (Examples: fats, oils, waxes, steroids) They are diverse in structure and function, but all are insoluble. Bio-molecule: Lipids

Lipids are insoluble because part of these molecule’s structure is Hydrophobic OR repels water molecules.

Some lipids make up the membrane that wraps around our cells. Fats are lipids that store energy.

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages Fats and oils are made of fatty acids chains linked to a molecule of glycerol. Fatty acid chains Sub-units

Bio-molecule: Lipids Types of fatty acid chains: Saturated Fatty Acids (Animal Fat, Solid at Room Temp) No double bonds- Bad Fat Unsaturated Fatty Acid (Fish, Plants, Liquid at Room Temp) Double bonds- Good Fat A fatty acid is a long chain of carbon and hydrogen. Glycerol is an alcohol molecule. Mono-unsaturated Poly-unsaturated

Steroids are structured in rings- but still a part of the lipid family because they are insoluble. Examples: Cholesterol, Estrogen, and Testosterone. Bio-molecule: Lipids

AGENDA – 9/4/2015 Take out composition notebook! Pick up Biomolecules Test Review sheet! Bell-Ringer Question Proteins and Nucleic Acids discussion

BELLRINGER – 9/4/2015 Put in your composition book. 1.Compare Carbs and Lipids (what do they have in common besides both being bio-molecules?) 2.Contrast Carbs and Lipids (what makes them different from each other?)

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages A protein is a large, complex polymer composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. Bio-molecule: Proteins

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages The basic sub-unit (building blocks) of proteins are called amino acids. There are about 20 common amino acids that can make literally thousands of different kinds of proteins. Bio-molecule: Proteins

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages Peptide bonds are covalent bonds formed between amino acids. Bio-molecule: Proteins

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages There are tens of thousands of different kinds of proteins, but they are classified into five groups: STRUCTURAL STORAGE TRANSPORT DEFENSIVE ENZYMES Bio-molecule: Proteins

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages Enzymes are proteins found in living things that put molecules together for your body OR break them apart for your body. (In other words, helps out with metabolism) Bio-molecule: Proteins

Section 6.1 Summary – pages Chemical reactions occur when bonds are formed or broken in molecules. Types: Synthesis (puts together/ combines/ builds) Decomposition (breaks apart) CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Section 6.1 Summary – pages In a chemical reaction, substances that undergo chemical reactions (the ingredients), are called reactants. Substances formed by chemical reactions (end result), are called products. CHEMICAL REACTIONS Reactants Products

Salivary Amylase is an example of an enzyme found in your saliva that helps break down carbohydrates.

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages A nucleic acid is a complex information storage biomolecule. (They provide directions for building proteins) Bio-molecule: Nucleic Acids

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages There are two main types of nucleic acids: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Master code for making protein Bio-molecule: Nucleic Acids RNA (ribonucleic acid) Helps make proteins by using DNA’s code.

Bio-molecule: Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are large molecules made of smaller subunits called nucleotides. nitrogen

Bio-molecule: Nucleic Acids Interestingly, some nucleotides can perform important actions as individual molecules. The most common is ATP. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), is the primary energy molecule used by cells. Energy is stored in the bonds between the phosphates.

What is atp ? Adenosine Triphosphate ATP is the high-energy molecule that stores the energy we need to do just about everything we do.