© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Axial skeleton Forms longitudinal axis of body Includes: Skull and associated bones Thoracic cage Vertebral column Various supplemental cartilages Typically 80 bones ~40% of bones in body Section 1: Axial Skeleton

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Axial skeleton Functions Protect (brain, spinal cord, and organs in ventral cavity) Permit limited movement but strong and reinforced with ligaments Provide attachment for muscles that 1.Adjust positions of head, neck, and trunk 2.Perform respiratory movements 3.Stabilize or position parts of appendicular skeleton that support limbs Section 1: Axial Skeleton x

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7 Section 1 AXIAL SKELETON Skull and associated bones Skull Cranium Face Auditory ossicles Hyoid Sternum Ribs Thoracic cage Vertebral column The bones of the axial skeleton SKELETAL SYSTEM Coccyx Sacrum Vertebrae Associated bones APPENDICULAR SKELETON (see Section 2) Costal cartilages (cartilages of ribs) Intervertebral discs (cartilage)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Module 7.1: Skull Skull 22 bones Cranium (8) Cranial bones that form the cranial cavity (fluid-filled chamber that cushions and supports brain) Blood vessels, nerves, and membranes attach to brain Outer surface for muscles that move eyes, jaws, and head Facial bones (22) Protect and support entrances for digestive and respiratory tracts Provide attachment for muscles controlling facial expression and assist in manipulating food

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure The 22 bones that form the skull, plus the seven bones associated with the skull FACE CRANIUM SKULL Maxillary bones Palatine bones Nasal bones Inferior nasal conchae Zygomatic bones Lacrimal bones Vomer Mandible Occipital bone Parietel bones Frontal bone Temporal bones Sphenoid Ethmoid ASSOCIATED BONES (see Module 7.7) Hyoid bone Auditory ossicles enclosed in temporal bones

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure The facial and cranial bones of the skull Cranial Bones Ethmoid Sphenoid Frontal bone Temporal bone Parietal bone Occipital bone

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Associated bones Six auditory ossicles in temporal bones Three ear bones on each side Hyoid bone connected to inferior surfaces of temporal bones Module 7.1: Skull

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Joints (aka: articulations) Where two bones interconnect Called sutures in the skull Immovable Bones tied together with dense fibrous connective tissue Four major sutures 1.Coronal (frontal to parietal bones) Calvaria (skullcap formed by frontal, parietal, and occipital bones) 2.Squamous (temporal to parietal bones) 3.Sagittal (between parietal bones) 4.Lambdoid (occipital to parietal bones) Module 7.1: Skull

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure – 6 The major sutures of the skull Frontal bone Temporal bone Parietal bone Occipital bone Coronal suture Squamous suture Lambdoid suture Lateral view of skull Sagittal suture Sutural bone Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Parietal bone Posterior view of skull

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure The bones of the skull in anterior view Facial Bones Nasal bone Lacrimal bone Palatine bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Inferior nasal concha Vomer Mandible Ethmoid Sphenoid Frontal bone Parietal bone Cranial Bones

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Module 7.2: Facial and cranial bones Facial bones Nasal bones Support superior portion of bridge of nose Attached to cartilages of distal portion of nose Lacrimal bones Form part of medial wall of orbit (eye socket) Palatine bones Form posterior portion of hard palate and contribute to floor of each orbit Zygomatic bones Contribute to rim and lateral wall of orbit Form part of cheekbone

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Facial bones (continued) Maxillae Support upper teeth Form inferior rim, lateral margins of external nares, upper jaw, and most of hard palate Inferior nasal conchae Create turbulence in air entering nasal cavity Increase surface area to promote warming and humidification of incoming air Vomer Forms inferior portion of bony nasal septum Module 7.2: Facial and cranial bones

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Cranial bones Frontal bone Forms anterior portion of cranium and roof of orbits Frontal sinuses secrete mucus that helps flush nasal cavities Sphenoid Forms part of floor of cranium Unites facial and cranial bones Acts as crossbridge to strengthen skull Ethmoid Forms anteromedial floor of cranium and roof of nasal cavity, and part of nasal septum and medial orbit wall Module 7.2: Facial and cranial bones

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Cranial bones (continued) Parietal bones Form part of superior and lateral surfaces of cranium Occipital bone Contributes to posterior, lateral, and inferior surfaces of cranium External occipital crest Helps stabilize vertebrae of neck Module 7.2: Facial and cranial bones

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Cranial bones (continued) Temporal bones Form part of lateral wall of cranium Articulate with facial bones and form articulations with mandible Surround and protect sense organs of inner ear Attachment site for muscles closing jaw and moving head Mastoid process Attachment for muscles that rotate or extend head Styloid process Attached to ligaments supporting hyoid bone and tendons of several muscles Module 7.2: Facial and cranial bones

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure The bones of the skull in posterior view Parietal bones Occipital bone Temporal bone External occipital crest Mandible Styloid process Mastoid process Squamous suture Lambdoid suture Sagittal suture Cranial Bones

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Module 7.2 Review a. Identify the facial bones. b. Quincy suffers a hit to the skull that fractures the right superior lateral surface of his cranium. Which bone is fractured? c. Identify the following bones as either a facial bone or a cranial bone: vomer, ethmoid, sphenoid, temporal, and inferior nasal conchae.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Module 7.3: Lateral and medial aspects of skull Lateral aspect Mental protuberance (mentalis, chin) Attachment site for several facial muscles Mandibular angle Posterior, inferior corner of lower jaw Zygomatic process Articulates with zygomatic bone to form zygomatic arch (cheekbone) External acoustic meatus Ends at tympanic membrane

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure The skull in lateral view Frontal squama (forehead) Superior and inferior temporal lines Coronal suture Parietal bone Frontal bone Temporal bone Occipital bone Zygomatic bone Alveolar processes Sphenoid Ethmoid Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Mandible Mental protuberance Mandibular angle Zygomatic arch (cheekbone) Styloid process Mastoid process Lambdoid suture External acoustic meatus Squamous suture Squamous part (of temporal bone) Maxilla

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Foramina (aka: passage ways, tunnels) Jugular foramen Between occipital and temporal bone Passage of jugular vein Foramen magnum Connects cranial cavity and vertebral canal In what bone? Module 7.4: Interior and inferior surface of skull

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Other features Mandibular fossa Inferior surface of temporal bone Articulation site with mandible Occipital condyles Articulation sites for first vertebra Module 7.4: Interior and inferior surface of skull

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure An inferior view of the skull Zygomatic bone Frontal bone Palatine bone Maxilla Vomer Foramina Foramen lacerum Foramen ovale Carotid canal Jugular foramen Stylomastoid foramen Foramen magnum External occipital crest Inferior and superior nuchal lines Lambdoid suture Occipital condyle Temporal bone Mandibular fossa Styloid process Zygomatic arch Sphenoid Occipital bone

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure The interior of the skull, as revealed by horizontal section Temporal bone Sphenoid Frontal bone Carotid canal Occipital bone Parietal bone Mastoid foramen Ethmoid Foramen lacerum Foramen ovale Foramen rotundum Crista galli Cribriform plate Sella turcica Foramen spinosum Jugular foramen Internal occipital crest Hypoglossal canal Internal acoustic meatus Nasal bones

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Module 7.6: Orbital and nasal complexes Orbit Contains eye Formed by seven bones of the orbital complex 1.Frontal (roof) 2.Zygomatic (lateral wall) 3.Maxilla (most of floor) 4.Lacrimal (medial wall) 5.Ethmoid (medial wall) 6.Sphenoid (posterior wall) 7.Palatine (posterior wall)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure The bones of the orbital complex Lacrimal fossa Supra-orbital margin Sphenoid Temporal bone Zygomatic bone Zygomaticofacial foramen Intra-orbital foramen Maxilla Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Nasolacrimal canal Lacrimal sulcus Ethmoid Frontal bone Palatine bone Supra-orbital notch

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure The bones of the nasal complex Frontal bone Maxilla Frontal section Mandible Cranial cavity Zygomatic bone Maxillary sinus Nasal cavities Ethmoidal air cells Orbit

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Module 7.6: Orbital and nasal complexes Nasal cavity bones Superior wall Frontal Sphenoid Ethmoid Lateral walls Maxillae Lacrimal bones Ethmoid Inferior nasal conchae

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Frontal bone The bones that form and surround the nasal cavity, as revealed by a sagittal section with nasal septum removed Lacrimal bone Inferior nasal concha Maxilla Frontal sinuses Sphenoidal sinus Sphenoid Ethmoid Nasal bone Perpendicular plate of palatine bone Hard palate Pterygoid plates Middle nasal concha Superior nasal concha

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc Location of Sinuses maxillary sinus fills maxillae bone larger in volume than frontal, sphenoid and ethmoid sinuses Figure 8.8 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sphenoid sinus Frontal sinus Ethmoid sinus Maxillary sinus Figure 8.8

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Module 7.7: Mandible and associated skull bones Mandible Condylar process Articulates with temporal bone at temporomandibular joint Coronoid process Insertion point for temporalis muscle Body Horizontal portion of bone Ramus Ascending part that begins at mandibular angle

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure The mandible in lateral view Teeth (molars) Condylar process Mandibular notch Ramus of the mandible Body of the mandible Mental foramen Alveolar process Coronoid process

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure The medial surface of the mandible Mylohyoid line Coronoid process Condylar process Alveolar part Head Mandibular foramen Position of the submandibular salivary gland

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Module 7.7: Mandible and associated skull bones Associated skull bones Hyoid bone Supports larynx Attachment site for muscles of larynx, pharynx, and tongue

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure The hyoid bone Body of the hyoid Greater horn Lesser horn

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Module 7.7: Mandible and associated skull bones Associated skull bones (continued) Auditory ossicles In middle ear within petrous portion of temporal bone Conduct sound wave vibrations from tympanic membrane to hearing receptors of inner ear

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Ethmoid Maxillary bones Lacrimal bones Frontal bone Mandible Hyoid bone Temporal bones Sphenoid Palatine bones Nasal bones CRANIUM FACE Zygomatic bones Vomer Inferior nasal conchae Occipital bone Parietal bones SKULL ASSOCIATED BONES Auditory ossicles enclosed in temporal bones (see Chapter 15) The auditory ossicles, bones associated with the skull

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure The structures of the pelvis Sacrum Coccyx Hip Bone Ilium Pubis Ischium Iliac crest Iliac fossa Ilium Acetabulum Pubic tubercle Obturator foramen Ischium Pubic symphysis Sacrum Sacro-iliac joint L5L5

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Module 7.17: Pelvis Sexual differences in pelvic structure Most related to adaptations for childbearing Female (compared to male) Generally smoother and lighter with less prominent markings Enlarged pelvic outlet Broader pubic angle, greater than 100° Less curvature on sacrum and coccyx Wider, more circular pelvic inlet Relatively broad, low pelvis Ilia project farther laterally but not as far superiorly

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure The shapes of the pelvis in females and males The pelvis of a femaleThe pelvis of a male Female Male Ischial spine Ischial spine 100° or more 90° or less