Cities and Urban Land Use Two subfields of urban geography: 1. study of systems of cities: where cities are located, why they are there, current and historical distribution of cities, functions of cities, reasons for differential growth among cities 2. study of internal cities: internal workings and structure of cities, analysis of patterns of land use, racial and ethnic segregation, architectural styles, types of intracity transportation, cycles of construction and development

The urban hierarchy Which urban areas have hinterlands? Where do suburbs begin? Where do CBDs begin?

Louis Wirth—1930s—defined a city as a permanent settlement that has three characteristics that make living in a city different from living in rural areas. 1. LARGE size everyone in rural areas knows everyone else in a city, residents know relatively few

2. High density people have highly specialized jobs, which allows many people to live in one place competition for space causes some groups to be dominant and to dominate others

3. Social heterogeneity Diversity in large cities allow more anonymity Downside is that people may be more lonely and isolated

First cities about 3000 B.C.E. in Southwest Asia The rise of the earliest states coincides with the rise of the earliest cities B.C.E is the formative era for development of both urbanization and states

Ancient city was the organizational focus of the state. Agriculture had to be planned & controlled Govt. collected taxes & built walls for fortification

Ancient cities built along rivers near productive farmland Sites chosen for defensibility as well as along trade routes

An urban elite (decision makers and organizers) controlled the resources and lives of others. made sure the gods looked favorably upon people and food production developed and system of writing and record keeping codified laws so society would function smoothly organized the construction of public buildings

Function of ancient cities Centers of power religion economy education

History of cities In preindustrial cities, the urban centers became centers of culture. Ancient Kyoto Ancient London

During Medieval times, mercantile cities (trade became central to city design) developed along trade routes

The Industrial Revolution created the manufacturing city. Belfast

Rural-urban migration US urban population 1800: 5% US urban population 1920: 50%

World Cities Tiers of world cities based on centrality of business services, consumer services, and public services.

megacities Tokyo, Mexico City, Seoul, New York, São Paulo, Mumbai, Delhi, Shanghai, Los Angeles, Osaka

Economic base of cities Basic sector: “export activities” result in money flowing into the city

Nonbasic (service) sector: produce goods or services for the people of the city itself

Chauncy Harris (1943) classified U.S. cities into three types according to their functions. 1. manufacturing-dominated cities (NE U.S.) 2. retail centers (scattered) 3. diversified cities with multiple functions Distinctions are now not so obvious because with growth comes increased diversification.

John Borchert’s four states in the evolution of American cities 1. Sail-Wagon Epoch,

2. Iron-horse Epoch,

3. Steel-rail Epoch,

4. Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch, s Internal combustion engine

Rank-size rule: The size of a city is inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy. Does not work in countries with a primate city!

Walter Cristaller’s Central Place Theory No topographic barriers No difference in farm productivity An evenly dispersed farm population People with similar lifestyles and incomes Minimum number of consumers necessary to suport different products Purchase of goods nd services at the nearest center

Internal Cities Some geographers analyze the internal land space of cities and the varying uses that it serves. They look at accessibility high cost of accessible space transportation societal and cultural needs

Concentric Zone Model (E.W. Burgess, 1923)

Homer Hoyt’s (1939) Sector Model

Chauncy Harris & E.L. Ullman (1945) Multiple Nuclei Model

Latin American City

Social area analysis studies how various types of people are distributed within a broader area (like a city!).

Ghettoization occurs when forced segregation limits residential choices

Key terms zoning ordinances smart growth urban renewal gentrification suburbanization urban sprawl

Edge cities are legally independent suburban areas that grow and have their own CBDs and other concentrations of office and commercial buildings that provide jobs for residents within their boundaries. Tyson’s Corner, Virginia