1. CENTRAL PLACE THEORY

2. A. Site & Situation
site: refers to the physical characteristics of a location
situation: refers to the relative location in terms of spatial interconnection & interdependence

3. B. Types of Settlement Patterns
Nucleated settlements: clustered around a central nodal point (defense, close to water, transportation routes)
Linear settlements: geographically restricted by mountains, hills, valleys or rivers…or along roads
Dispersed settlements: lot of land is required, such as farming regions

4. Settlement types: A? B? C?

5. C. Functional Structure of Cities:
Three basic types of cities:
Central places: functioning primarily as service centers for local hinterlands.
Transportation centers: performing break-of-bulk functions for larger regions
Specialized-function cities: dominated by one activity such as mining, manufacturing, or recreation

6. Economic Base Theory
Basic Sector: local businesses that are dependent upon sales outside the city
Non-basic Sector: businesses dependent upon local business conditions (grocery store, barber, drycleaners, restaurants)
multiplier effect: increase in basic jobs increases non-basic jobs…

7. D. WORLD CITIES & MEGACITIES
World cities: play a key role in the global economy (London, New York, Tokyo)
– most have extremely large populations
– some do not: Milan (center of fashion) & Geneva (UN agencies)
Megacities: over 10 million
– over ½ of 20 largest cities today are in developing world
Problems of megacities:
migration from the countryside, slums (barrios or favelas), informal economies, poverty, crime, child labor, orphans, water supply

8. HOW URBANIZED IS THE WORLD TODAY?
% pop urban
Africa 38
Asia 38
L America 75
N America 77
Europe 75
Oceania 70
1. The developing world of Africa & Asia are more rural
2. Regions that industrialized first have more medium-sized towns (Europe)
3. MOST URBANIZED region: W. Europe – Belgium, Netherlands, U.K. are >90% urbanized

9. 1950
1975
2003
2015
Urban Area
Popu-lation 1
New York,
12.3
Tokyo, Japan
26.6
35.0
36.2 2
11.3
New York, USA
15.9
Mexico City, Mexico
18.7
Mumbai, India
22.6 3
Shanghai, China
11.4
18.3
Delhi, India
20.9 4
Mexico City
10.7
Sao Paulo, Brazil
17.9
20.6 5
17.4
20.0 6
14.1
19.7 7
Calcutta, India
13.8
Dhaka, Bangladesh 8
Buenos Aires
13.0
Jakarta, Indonesia
17.5 9
12.8
Lagos, Nigeria
17.0 10
16.8 11
Los Angeles, USAb
12.0
Karachi, Pakistan
16.2 12
11.6
Buenos Aires, Argentina
14.6 13
Osaka-Kobe, Japan
11.2
Cairo, Egypt
13.1 14
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
12.9

10. E. Walter Christaller’s Central Place Theory
nested hexagons show a hierarchal ranking of market areas
hinterland: rural area outside urban areas

11. Why Hexagons for Market Areas?
Hexagons don’t leave gaps between market areas
& its edges aren’t equidistant from the center

12. 2. range of services: maximum distance consumers are willing to travel to obtain a product or service
* luxury items: longer range
3. threshold: minimum number of consumers needed to support a business

13. provides some basic services
Hamlets
provides some basic services

14. Towns
Larger than a village and has a higher level of specialization

15. Cities
Cities have more specialization and a larger hinterland than a town…
A city has suburbs while a town has outskirts

16. Market-Area Analysis
Retailers and other service providers make use of market-area studies to determine whether locating in the market would be profitable

17. Supermarket and Convenience Store Market Areas
Market area, range, and threshold for Kroger supermarkets (left) and UDF convenience stores in Dayton, Ohio. Supermarkets have much larger areas and ranges than convenience stores.

18. F. Central Place Assumptions:
orderly hierarchy of central places
places of the same size equally spaced apart
larger cities spaced farther apart

19. Rank-Size Rule
inverse relationship between size of a city & its urban rank
Under the rank-size rule:
- town 1/2 the size city
- village 1/3 size
- hamlet ¼ size