{ Scientific Revolution

16 th and 17 th Century 16 th and 17 th Century Western science and technology advancements were known as the Scientific Revolution. Western science and technology advancements were known as the Scientific Revolution. Scientific Revolution – the sweeping change in the scientific view of the universe. Scientific Revolution – the sweeping change in the scientific view of the universe. Introduction

1. What changes led to the dawn of modern science?

Francis Bacon  Rejected scientific assumptions of the ancient Greeks.  Stressed observation and experimentation.  Thought technology would lead to a better life for people.

Rene Descartes  Rejected scientific assumptions of the ancient Greeks.  Emphasized human reasoning as best road to understanding.  “I think, therefore I am.”

Scientific Method  Using a hypothesis is using a logical approach or possible explanation to explain data.  Inductive vs. deductive reasoning  Hypothesis is tested through observation or experimentation.  Math is used to convert observation into scientific laws.

Bacon + Descartes = Scientific Method Bacon + Descartes = Scientific Method

2. What discoveries occurred in astronomy, physics, and math during the Scientific Revolution?

Nicolaus Copernicus  Ptolemy, a Greek philosopher, taught the Earth was the center of the universe.  Copernicus published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.  Proposed a heliocentric, or sun centered, model of the universe.  Taught of circular orbits

Tycho Brahe  Danish astronomer who wanted to disprove Copernicus.  He ended up proving Copernicus and himself wrong.  He constructed the most accurate tables of observations that had been drawn up for centuries.

Johannes Kepler  German astronomer and mathematician  Calculations supported the work of Copernicus and set the groundwork for Galileo.  He was able to prove that the planets did not rotate in a perfect circle but rather an oval. – Elliptical orbits

Galileo Galilei  Special lens allowed him to see deeper into the heavens and view details unimagined previously.  Church condemned him because his ideas challenged that heavenly bodies were perfect, fixed and unmoving.  The church accused him of heresey and forced him to recant and publicly state publicly state his heresies. his heresies.

Isaac Newton  By the age of 24, Isaac Newton developed brilliant ideas about why the planets move the way they do.  Gravity- objects with mass fall towards one another  Newton, saying laws of motion are uniform throughout the universe, linked astronomy to physics.  Newton helped to develop a new branch of mathematics…calculus

3. How did early scientists advance knowledge in biology and chemistry?

Andreas Vesalius  In 1543 Vesalius published On the Structure of the Human Body, accurate and detailed study of human anatomy.  More knowledge accumulated thanks to the work of many artists. Genius lives on. All else is mortal.

William Harvey  Described the purpose and function of the heart and circulatory system.  Also studied the reproductive system.

{{ LeeuwenhoekHooke Cell Leeuwenhoek and Hooke?

 Distinguished between individual elements and compounds, atoms vs. molecules.  Helped free the science of chemistry from medieval alchemy.  Explained the effect of temperature and pressure on gasses. Robert Boyle

What about Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier? Conservation of Mass

 How did the Church explain phenomena at the time?  How did they explain illness?  How did they explain lightning and thunder?  How do Scientists explain these phenomena?  Why do you think they came into conflict? Problems with the Church

 Overall?  Queen Christina of Sweden  Noblewoemn and women from the artisan class – what did they manage to do?  Margaret Cavendish?  Maria Cunitz?  Emilie du Chatelet?  Women barred from science and medicine…until when? Women