Reproduction and Development Chapter 34 Page 956

A. Introduction 1.Reproductive system – organs, glands, and hormones which help produce a new human 2.Males and females reach sexual maturity only after puberty

B. Reproductive Anatomy 1.Female reproductive system produces ova a.Main function 1)Produce ova (eggs) 2)Provide place where zygote develops b.Organs 1)Ovaries – make eggs 2)Uterus – place for zygote to attach and develop 3)Fallopian tube – duct connecting ovary to uterus 4)Cervix – muscular organ between uterus and vagina 5)Vagina – receives penis

uterus cervix rectum vagina urethra urinary bladder pubic bone ovary fallopian tube

c. Hormones 1) FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) 2) LH (luteinizing hormone) 3) Estrogen a) Develop female sexual characteristics b) Develop eggs c) Prepare uterus for pregnancy d) Helps maintain pregnancy

2. Male reproductive system a. Main function 1) Produce sperm 2) Deliver sperm to female reproductive system b. Organs/parts 1) Testes – make sperm 2) Scrotum – pouch which encloses testes 3) Epididymis – place where sperm mature 4) Vas deferens – tube from epididymis to urethra

5) Prostate gland – produce fluid which help sperm move 6) Bulbourethral gland – secrete fluid to neutralize acidic environment of urethra and vigina 7) Seminal vesicle – secrete fluid to neutralize acidic environment of urethra and vagina 8) Semen – fluids from 3 glands and sperm 9) Penis – deposits sperm

urinary bladder vas deferens pubic bone prostate gland penis urethra testis scrotum epididymis bulbourethral gland rectum seminal vesicle

c. Hormones 1) LH 2) FSH 3) Testosterone a) Developing male sexual characteristics b) Produce sperm

C. Reproductive Processes 1.Production of eggs a.FSH and LH regulate egg production b.Meiosis makes eggs and polar bodies c.Meiosis is completed at fertilization 2.Release of egg a.Follicle – cells surrounding egg b.Follicle ruptures c.Egg travels into fallopian tube

d. Ovulation – release of egg from ovary e. Becomes fertilized or gets discarded fallopian tube egg cell egg released corpus luteum uterine wall ovary follicle uterus 5 to 7 days to uterus

3. Menstrual Cycle a. Monthly changes which include producing and releasing an egg and preparing the uterus to receive it b. 3 phases 1) Flow phase – lining of uterus is passed out of the body; causes cramps 2) Follicular phase – egg matures and ovulation begins 3) Luteal phase – empty follicle releases estrogen and uterus prepares for fertilized egg

4. Sperm production controlled by hormones a. Testosterone, FSH, and LH stimulate sperm production 1) Meiosis forms 4 sperm 2) Each have 23 chromosomes potential sperm 4 sperm cells Meiosis I Meiosis II

b. Sperm mature in epididymis 1) Head contains acrosome (cap) 2) Midpiece contains ATP 3) Tail has flagella for mobility

5. Fertilization a. Process of sperm joining with egg b. Only one sperm can join with egg c. Membrane keep out other sperm d. Nucleus of sperm joins egg e. Zygote forms 1) Identical twins 2) Fraternal twins

D. Fetal Development 1.Fertilized egg implants in uterus a.Zygote becomes blastocyst – hollow ball of cells b.Develops 3 layers 1)Ectoderm – develops into skin and nervous system 2)Mesoderm – develops into internal tissues and organs 3)Endoderm – develops into digestive organs and their lining 4)Now known as embryo

2. Embryonic membranes a. Amniotic sac – cushions embryo b. Placenta – connects mother and embryo c. Umbilical cord – connects embryo to placenta umbilical cord uterus amniotic sac

3. Embryo turns into fetus a. 9 th week b. Fully formed in about 38 weeks c. Pregnancies divided into trimesters

1) First trimester: body plan and early development

2) Second trimester: fetus more active and developed

3) 3 rd trimester: all organs fully formed

4. Mother effects fetus and vice versa a. Mother effect fetus 1) Diet must support fetal health 2) Must avoid toxic chemicals b. Fetus effects mother 1) Increase calories and body weight 2) Hormonal imbalances 3) Medical checkups 4) Gestational diabetes

5) Swollen feet and ankles 6) Back problems 7) Nose bleeds 8) Increased blood volume 9)Bathroom breaks