1. KEY CONCEPT Female and male reproductive organs fully develop during puberty.

2. The female reproductive system produces ova.
There are two main functions of the female reproductive system.
produce ova, or egg cells
provide a place where a zygote develops
uterus
cervix
rectum
vagina
urethra
urinary bladder
pubic bone
ovary
fallopian
tube

3. Estrogen has three main functions.
develop female sexual characteristics
develop eggs
prepare uterus for pregnancy

4. The male reproductive system produces sperm.
There are two main functions of the male reproductive system.
produce sperm cells
deliver sperm to the female reproductive system
urinary bladder
vas deferens
pubic bone
prostate gland
penis
urethra
testis
scrotum
epididymis
bulbourethral
gland
rectum
seminal vesicle

5. Testosterone has two main functions.
developing male sexual characteristics
producing sperm

6. KEY CONCEPT 34.2 Human reproductive processes depend on cycles of hormones.

7. Eggs mature and are released according to hormonal cycles.
potential
egg
first polar
body
second polar
ovum (egg)
Meiosis I
Completed
Meiosis II
only after
sperm
enters
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH) regulate egg production.
meiosis produces eggs and polar bodies
each egg has 23 chromosomes
meiosis is completed at fertilization

8. FSH, LH, and estrogen stimulate the release of eggs.
follicle ruptures at ovulation
egg travels into fallopian tube
ruptured follicle becomes corpus luteum
fallopian
tube
egg cell
egg released
corpus luteum
uterine wall
ovary
follicle
uterus
5 to 7 days to uterus

9. Eggs mature and are released according to hormonal cycles.
The menstrual cycle has three phases.
flow phase: endometrium sheds
follicular phase: ovulation occurs
luteal phase: corpus luteum forms

10. The menstrual cycle stops at menopause.
cycle continues until a woman’s mid-40’s or 50’s
decline in hormone levels make cycles irregular
eventually, cycle stops altogether

11. Sperm production in the testes is controlled by hormones.
Testosterone, FSH, and LH stimulate sperm production.
one sex cell divides into four sperm
each sperm has 23 chromosomes
potential
sperm
4 sperm cells
Meiosis I
Meiosis II

12. Sperm cells fully mature in the epididymis. head contains acrosome
midpiece contains ATP
tail allows mobility
acrosome
head
midpiece
tail
mitochondria
nucleus with 23 chromosomes

13. Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell joins an egg cell.
Sperm penetrates an egg.
membrane keeps out other sperm
nucleus of sperm joins with egg
zygote formed

14. Multiple zygotes can result from fertilization.
identical twins from the same egg
fraternal twins from two separate eggs
Infertility makes reproduction difficult or impossible.

15. Sexually transmitted diseases affect fertility and overall health.
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are passed from one person to another during sexual contact.
bacterial STDs include chlamydia, syphilis, gonorrhea
viral STDs include hepatitis B, genital herpes, human papillomavirus, and HIV
HIV

16. Viral STDs can be treated, but there is no cure for these diseases.
Bacterial STDs can be treated, and in many cases, cured with antibiotics
A parasite causes trichomoniasis, which can affect fertility.
Viral STDs can be treated, but there is no cure for these diseases.
STDs attack reproductive organs.
can cause infertility
untreated, some can be fatal
STDs can be avoided by abstinence or by using a condom.

17. KEY CONCEPT 34.3 Development progresses in stages from zygote to fetus.

18. The zygote becomes a blastocyst and implants in the uterus.
The fertilized egg implants into the uterus and is nourished by the placenta and umbilical cord.
The zygote becomes a blastocyst and implants in the uterus.
ectoderm develops into skin and nervous system
mesoderm develops into Internal tissues and organs
endoderm develops into digestive organs and their lining
blastocyst
uterine wall
Implantation of blastocyst

19. The blastocyst becomes an embryo.
Embryonic membranes protect and nourish the embryo.
amniotic sac cushions embryo.
placenta connects mother and embryo.
umbilical cord connects embryo to placenta.
placenta
umbilical cord
uterus
amniotic sac

20. A zygote develops into a fully formed fetus in about 38 weeks.
Human pregnancies are divided into trimesters.
1st trimester: body plan and early development

21. 2nd trimester: fetus more active, developed

22. 3rd trimester: all organs fully formed
After about 38 weeks, fetus is ready to be born.

23. The mother affects the fetus, and pregnancy affects the mother.
The fetus depends on the mother for all its nutrition.
mother's diet must support fetal health
mother must avoid toxic chemicals

24. The mother’s health is affected by pregnancy in a number of ways.
increase in Calories and body weight
pregnancy hormones affecting homeostasis
regular medical checkups needed

25. KEY CONCEPT 34.4 Physical development continues through adolescence and declines with age.

26. Birth occurs in three stages.
Stage one of birth is the dilation of the cervix.
contractions push cervix open
if cervix dilates too little, C-section done
STAGE 1
As regular, strong contractions occur,
the cervix dilates and the baby turns.

27. Stage two is the emergence of the baby. baby usually born headfirst
oxytocin stimulates milk production
STAGE 2
The baby is pushed through the cervix
and out of the vaginal canal.

28. Stage three is the expulsion of the placenta.
placenta detaches from uterine wall
contractions helps control bleeding
STAGE 3
Contractions continue, expelling the
placenta and helping to control bleeding.

29. Human growth and aging also occur in stages.
Genetics, hormones, lifestyle, environment affect all stages.
during infancy, growth is rapid
during childhood, motor and language skills develop

30. Genetics, hormones, lifestyle, environment affect all stages.
during puberty, sexually maturity begins
during adolescence, growth is rapid and the brain rewired
adulthood marks the peak of skills and independence

31. Aging is also affected by genetics, hormones, lifestyle, environment.
Effects of aging can be reduced with good diet, exercise, and continued learning.
Jerry Peel at age 1 1/2
Jerry Peel at age 17
Jerry Peel at age 71