Skeletal System - Do Now  What are the five parts of the vertebral column?  How many vertebrae do we have?  How many ribs do we have? Agenda Do Now Objectives Imbalances in bones Vertebrae Arthrology (Joints) Closing

Skeletal System - Do Now  What kinds of problems can occur in the vertebral column?  What kinds of joints do we have? Agenda Do Now Objectives Imbalances in bones Vertebrae Arthrology (Joints) Closing

Objectives Content:  Identify the effects of imbalances on the skeletal system.  Describe the details of the vertebral column, including abnormalities Language:  Discuss (compare/contrast) different types of joints Agenda Do Now Objectives Imbalances in bones Vertebrae Arthrology (Joints) Closing

Changes in the Human Skeleton  In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage  During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone  Cartilage remains in isolated areas  Bridge of the nose  Parts of ribs  Joints Agenda Do Now Objectives Imbalances in bones Vertebrae Arthrology (Joints) Closing

CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS  FACTORS OF CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS:  1. HORMONES  2. VITAMIN D—MILK  3. CALCIUM—MILK  4. VITAMIN A—CARROTS  5. PHOSPHORUS—MEAT Agenda Do Now Objectives Imbalances in bones Vertebrae Arthrology (Joints) Closing

IMBALANCES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM RICKETS  1. DISEASE OF CHILDREN DUE TO LACK OF VITAMIN D.  2. CALCIUM IS NOT DEPOSITED.  3. BOWING OF THE BONES. Agenda Do Now Objectives Imbalances in bones Vertebrae Arthrology (Joints) Closing

Rickets Agenda Do Now Objectives Imbalances in bones Vertebrae Arthrology (Joints) Closing

IMBALANCES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM OSTEOMALACIA 1. RICKETS IN ADULTS 2. DUE TO A LACK OF VITAMIN D 3. CALCIUM IS NOT DEPOSITED IN BONE. 4. MAIN SYMPTOM IS PAIN WHEN WEIGHT IS PUT ON THE AFFECTED BONE. Agenda Do Now Objectives Imbalances in bones Vertebrae Arthrology (Joints) Closing

Agenda Do Now Objectives Imbalances in bones Vertebrae Arthrology (Joints) Closing

IMBALANCES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM  OSTEOPOROSIS  1. BONE REABSORPTION IS GREATER THAN BONE DEPOSITION.  2. CAUSES:  A. LACK OF ESTROGEN  B. LACK OF EXERCISE  C. INADEQUATE INTAKE  D. LACK OF VITAMIN D Agenda Do Now Objectives Imbalances in bones Vertebrae Arthrology (Joints) Closing

OSTEOPOROSIS (cont.)  3. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: A. SPONGY BONE OF THE SPINE IS MOST VULNERABLE. B. OCCURS MOST OFTEN IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN. C. BONES BECOME SO FRAGILE THAT SNEEZING OR STEPPING OFF A CURB CAN CAUSE FRACTURES.  4. TREATMENT A. CALCIUM AND VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTS. B. HORMONE REPLACEMENT TREATMENT C. INCREASE WEIGHT BEARING EXERCISE. Agenda Do Now Objectives Imbalances in bones Vertebrae Arthrology (Joints) Closing

IMBALANCES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

Vertebral Column (Spine)  Extends from the skull, which it supports, to the pelvis, where it transmits the weight of the body to the lower limbs Agenda Do Now Objectives Imbalances in bones Vertebrae Arthrology (Joints) Closing

Agenda Do Now Objectives Imbalances in bones Vertebrae Arthrology (Joints) Closing

General Characteristics:  Irregular bones- 33 before birth = 26 total  7 cervical  12 thoracic  5 lumbar  1 fused sacrum (5 at birth)  1 fused coccyx (4 at birth)  Intervertebral discs  Cushion vertebrae  Absorb shock Agenda Do Now Objectives Imbalances in bones Vertebrae Arthrology (Joints) Closing

S shape structure  Primary curvatures- thoracic and sacral  Secondary curvatures- cervical and lumbar  Abnormal curvatures*****  Scoliosis  Kyphosis  Lordosis Agenda Do Now Objectives Imbalances in bones Vertebrae Arthrology (Joints) Closing

Agenda Do Now Objectives Imbalances in bones Vertebrae Arthrology (Joints) Closing

Agenda Do Now Objectives Imbalances in bones Vertebrae Arthrology (Joints) Closing

Agenda Do Now Objectives Imbalances in bones Vertebrae Arthrology (Joints) Closing

Features of vertebrae  Body  Vertebral foramen  Transverse processes  Spinous process Spinal Foramen Agenda Do Now Objectives Imbalances in bones Vertebrae Arthrology (Joints) Closing

Agenda Do Now Objectives Imbalances in bones Vertebrae Arthrology (Joints) Closing

Cervical Vertebrae- C1- C7  Smallest  Lightest  Spinous processes have 2 branches  Foramina- arteries pass to brain  C1= Atlas  no body  allows for nodding (YES)  C2= Axis  Odontoid process  the joint between C1 and C2 allows for shaking the head (NO) Agenda Do Now Objectives Imbalances in bones Vertebrae Arthrology (Joints) Closing

Agenda Do Now Objectives Imbalances in bones Vertebrae Arthrology (Joints) Closing

Skeletal System - Q Now  Why are C1 and C2 so special?  How are they different than the other vertebrae? Agenda Do Now Objectives Imbalances in bones Vertebrae Arthrology (Joints) Closing

 Thoracic Vertebrae T1-T12  Costal demifacets- connect to ribs  Long hooked spinous processes  Lumbar Vertebrae L1-L5  Large block like bodies  Holds most stress Agenda Do Now Objectives Imbalances in bones Vertebrae Arthrology (Joints) Closing

 Sacrum  5 fused vertebrae  Alae- articulates laterally with the hip bones  Sacroilliac joint  Coccyx  Fusion of 3-5 bones  Tailbone Agenda Do Now Objectives Imbalances in bones Vertebrae Arthrology (Joints) Closing

Agenda Do Now Objectives Imbalances in bones Vertebrae Arthrology (Joints) Closing

Skeletal System - Q Now  What is the difference between cervical and thoracic vertebrae?  What is a herniated disc? Agenda Do Now Objectives Imbalances in bones Vertebrae Arthrology (Joints) Closing

Arthrology (Joints)  Two types of classification  Functional: amount of movement  Immovable  Slightly movable  Freely movable  Structural: type of tissue found  Fibrous connective tissue  Cartilage  Synovial membrane Agenda Do Now Objectives Imbalances in bones Vertebrae Arthrology (Joints) Closing

Synarthrosis  Immovable, Fibrous connective tissue  Sutures: zipper like where bone has fused (skull)  Syndesmosis: greater distance than a suture (radius and ulna)  Gomphosis: peg in a socket (teeth)

Amphiarthrosis  Slightly movable, cartilage  Synchondrosis: temporary in nature (epiphyseal plate)  Symphysis: permanent in nature (pubis symphysis)

Diarthrosis  Freely movable, synovial capsule (lubrication)  Ball and socket: move in all directions  Hinge: move in one direction

Diarthrosis (cont.)  Pivot: rotation  Gliding: slide over each other  Saddle: two convex structures

Closing/Homework Can you do this now? Content:  Identify the effects of imbalances on the skeletal system.  Describe the details of the vertebral column, including abnormalities Language:  Discuss (compare/contrast) different types of joints Agenda Do Now Objectives Imbalances in bones Vertebrae Arthrology (Joints) Closing