1. Anatomy and Physiology The Skeletal System Physiology of the Skeletal System

2. Lesson: Introduction to the skeletal system EQ: What is the structure and function of the skeletal system? Do Now: What are the major functions of the skeletal system? Agenda: Do Now/discuss Notes and intro video WS and Video 2 Exit: Quiz HW: Bring in a bone

3. Lesson: Introduction to the skeletal system EQ: What is the structure and function of the skeletal system? Do Now: What are the major functions of the skeletal system? Agenda: Do Now/discuss Notes and intro video WS and Video 2 Exit: Quiz HW: Bring in a bone

4. Lesson: Introduction to the skeletal system EQ: What is the structure and function of the skeletal system? Do Now: What is a haversian system? Agenda: Do Now/discuss Notes Project/joint packet Exit: Quiz HW: Bring in a bone

5. Lesson: The skeletal system EQ: What is the structure and function of the skeletal system? Do Now: What is the largest bone in the body? What bone does not articulate with any other? Agenda: Do Now/discuss Notes and slides Bone project Exit: Quiz HW: Bring in a bone

6. Lesson: The skeletal system EQ: What is the structure and function of the skeletal system? Do Now: What is the function of cartilage in the joint? What happens if the cartilage is removed? Agenda: Do Now/discuss Notes and slides Joint lab Exit: Quiz HW: Bring in a bone

7. Lesson: The skeletal system EQ: What is the structure and function of the skeletal system? Do Now: what is the most important bone in the body??!!!!!!! *** Agenda: Do Now/discuss Notes and slides Joint lab/project Exit: Quiz HW: Bring in a bone

8. Lesson: Introduction to the skeletal system EQ: What is the structure and function of the skeletal system? Do Now: Draw a venn diagram comparaing and contrasting internal vs external (exo) skeletons. What are the advantages to having an internal versus an external skeleton?

9. Agenda: Do Now/discuss Finish Projects and present Finish all work! Notes on bone structure Exit: Quiz HW: Bring in a bone

10. Skeletal System Bones are made of several tissues Primarily made of collagen and hydroxyapatite - Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 About 206 bones in the human body

11. Functions of Skeletal System SUPPORT: Hard framework that supports and anchors the soft organs of the body. PROTECTION: Surrounds organs such as the brain and spinal cord. MOVEMENT: Allows for muscle attachment therefore the bones are used as levers. STORAGE: Minerals and lipids are stored within bone material. BLOOD CELL FORMATION: The bone marrow is responsible for blood cell production.

12. Parts of the Skeletal System Axial skeleton –Skull and bones that support it –Includes vertebra and ribs –80 bones Appendicular skeleton –Limbs –126 bones

13. Features of a Long Bone: Epiphysis: Ends of the bone. Diaphysis: The shaft of the bone which surrounds the medullary cavity. Articular Cartilage: Cushions the ends of the bones and allows for smooth movement. Epiphyseal Plate: Areas made of cartilage allowing for the growth of the bone.

14. Joints Where bone meets bone Ligament – holds bone to bone Types of joints: –Immovable - skull –Ball-and-socket - shoulder –Hinge - knee –Pivot – forearm –Gliding - vertebrae

15. Joints Cartilage covers ends of movable bones –Reduces friction Lubricated by fluid from capillaries

16. Cartilage

17. Bone Structure Periosteum – hard outer covering –Cells for growth and repair Compact bone – hard strong layer –Bone cells, blood vessels, protein with Ca and P Spongy bone – at ends of long bones –Has small open spaces to lighten weight Marrow cavity – hollow in middle of long bones

18. Bone Marrow Red marrow – produces blood cells and clotting factors –Found in humerus, femur, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, pelvis –Produces RBC 2 million per second Yellow marrow – stores fat –Found in many bones

19. Bone Structure

20. Haversian System Structure of compact bone Rings of bone tissue with blood vessels and nerves in the center

21. Haversian System

22. Bone Development Initial skeleton of cartilage in infants Replaced with bone by osteoblasts More than 300 bones at birth – fuse to 206 Always growing and breaking down –Osteoblasts – form new bone cells –Osteoclasts – break bone cells down –Osteocytes – mature bone cells

23. Broken Bones Fracture is a break of the bone Simple or Complex fracture Regrowth of bone: –Spongy bone forms in first few days –Blood vessels regrow and spongy bone hardens –Full healing takes 1-2 months

24. Homeostatic Imbalances Rickets Disease of children due to a lack of vitamin D. Calcium is not deposited in bones. Bones become soft. Bowing of the bones, and other deformities occur.

25. Homeostatic Imbalances Osteomalacia “Rickets” of adults. Due to a lack of vitamin D. Calcium is not deposited in the bones. Bones become brittle.

26. Homeostatic Imbalances Osteoporosis Bone reabsorption is greater than bone deposition. Due to any of the following: Lack of estrogen in women. Lack of exercise to stress the bones. Inadequate intake of calcium and phosphorus. Abnormalities of vitamin D metabolism. Loss of muscle mass.

27. Age Related Dysfunctions Arthritis: Osteoarthritis- 90% of pop. By age 40 chronic inflammation of articular cartilage can be normal age-dependent change can also be pathology due to ? Age-related changes decrease blood supply trauma

28. Osteoarthritis

29. Osteoporosis Decline in Bone Density Bone Resorption > Bone Deposition Increase Risk for Fracture compression fractures of vertebrae hip fractures Role of calcium, vitamin D, estrogen, exercise Calcitonin vs. Parathyroid Hormone

30. Osteoporosis