1. بنام مهربانترين

2. The vertebral column

4. General Features of the Vertebral Column
26 vertebrae & discs of fibrocartilage between them
Five vertebral groups
7 cervical in the neck
12 thoracic in the chest
5 lumbar in lower back
1 sacrum
1 coccyx

6. Newborn Spinal Curvature
Spine exhibits one continuous C-shaped curve
Known as primary curvature

7. Adult Spinal Curvatures
S-shaped vertebral column with 4 curvatures
Secondary curvatures develop after birth
lifting head as it begins to crawl develops cervical curvature
walking upright develops lumbar curvature

8. Abnormal Spinal Curvatures
Result from disease, posture, paralysis or congenital defect
Scoliosis from lack of proper development of one vertebrae
Kyphosis is from osteoporosis
Lordosis is from weak abdominal muscles

9. Scoliosis

10. Lordosis

11. Kyphosis

13. General Structure of a Vertebra
Body
Series of vertebral foramen form the vertebral canal
Arch
2 lamina
2 pedicles
Processes
spinous
transverse
articular (superior & inferior)

14. Intervertebral Foramen & Discs
formed from vertebral notches of adjacent vertebrae
passageway for spinal nerves
Intervertebral discs

18. Cervical

20. Typical Cervical Vertebrae
Smaller body and larger vertebral foramen
Transverse process short with transverse foramen for protection of vertebral arteries
Bifid or forked spinous process in C2 to C6

21. The Unique Atlas and Axis
Atlas (C1) supports the skull
concave superior articular facet
ring surrounding large vertebral foramen
anterior & posterior arch
Axis (C2)
dens or odontoid process is held in place inside the vertebral foramen of the atlas by ligaments
allows rotation of head

26. Atlas & Axis Articulation

29. Thoracic

33. Typical Thoracic Vertebrae
More massive body than cervical but smaller lumbar
Spinous processes pointed and angled downward
Superior articular facets face posteriorly permitting some rotation between adjacent vertebrae
Rib attachment
facets & hemifacets on vertebral body and costal facets at ends of transverse processes for articulation of tubercle of ribs 1 to 10

34. Lumbar

38. Lumbar Vertebrae Thick, large body, squarish spinous process
Superior articular processes face medially

39. Sacrum

42. Sacrum (Anterior View)
Anterior surface
smooth & concave
sacral foramina were intervertebral foramen
nerves & blood vessels
4 transverse lines indicate line of fusion of vertebrae

43. Sacrum (Posterior View)
Rough surface of sacrum
Spinous processes have fused into median sacral crest
Transverse processes fuse into lateral sacral crest
Posterior sacral foramina
Sacral canal ends as sacral hiatus
Auricular surface is part of sacroiliac joint

44. Coccyx Single, small, triangular bone
Provides attachment site for muscles of pelvic floor
Cornua
hornlike projections on Co1 for ligaments attach coccyx to sacrum