1. Repair of Bone  Hematoma Formation (blood-filled swelling)  Fibrocartilage callus formation  Bony callus formation  Bone remodeling

2. Repair of Bone Hematoma External callus Bony callus of spongy bone Healed fracture New blood vessels Internal callus (fibrous tissue and cartilage) Spongy bone trabecula Hematoma formation Fibrocartilage callus formation Bony callus formation Bone remodeling

3. The Axial Skeleton  Forms the longitudinal axis of the body  Divided into three parts

4. The Skull  Two sets of bones  Cranium  Facial bones

5. The Skull  Bones are joined by sutures  Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint

6. Cranial Bones  Frontal bone  Parietal bone  Temporal bone  Occipital bone  Sphenoid bone  Ethmoid bone

7. Cranium

8. Facial Bones  Maxillae  Palatine bones  Zygomatic bones  Lacrimal bones  Nasal bones  Vomer bone  Inferior Nasal Conchae  Mandible

9. Facial Bones

11. Superior View

12. Inferior View

13. Lateral View

14. Paranasal Sinuses  Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity  Functions:

15. Paranasal Sinuses

17. Hyoid Bone  The only bone that does not articulate with another bone

18. Hyoid Bone

20. The Vertebral Column  24 single vertebral bones separated by intervertebral discs  7  12  5

21. The Vertebral Column  9 vertebrae fuse to form 2 composite bones  Sacrum  Coccyx

22. Intervertebral Discs  Pads of flexible fibrocartilage  What happens as you age?

23. The Vertebral Column

24.  Primary curvatures of the  Present from birth  Secondary curvatures of the  Develop after birth

25. The Vertebral Column

26. A Typical Vertebrae, Superior View

27. Atlas (C1) has no body

28. Axis (C2) as pivot to rotate axis

29. C3-C7

30. T1-T12

31. L1-L5

32. Vertebral Column  What is the major function of the vertebral column?

33. The Bony Thorax  Consists of three parts  Sternum  Ribs  True ribs  False ribs  Floating ribs  Thoracic vertebrae

34. The Appendicular Skeleton

35. Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder)  Clavicle—collarbone  Scapula—shoulder blade  Allow for exceptional free movement

36. Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder)

38. Upper Limbs  Humerus  Forms the arm  Single bone

39. Upper Limbs  Forearm (2 bones)  Ulna  Radius

40. Hands  Carpals (wrist)  Metacarpals (palm)  Phalanges (fingers)

41. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle  Formed by 2 coxal bones  Coxal bones composed of 3 pairs of fused bones  Ilium  Ischium  Pubis  Total weight of body rests here!!

42. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle

44. Gender differences

45. The Appendicular Skeleton

46.  The female inlet is larger and more circular  bones are lighter and thinner  The female ilia flare more laterally  The female sacrum is shorter and less curved  The female pubic arch is more rounded (accute vs. obtuse)

47. Bones of the Lower Limbs  Femur  Thigh  The heaviest, strongest bone in the body

48. Foot  Tarsals  Two largest tarsals  Calcaneus (heelbone)  Talus  Metatarsals—sole  Phalanges—toes

49. Arches of the foot  3 arches  Two longitudinal  One transverse

50. Joints  Fibrous joints  Generally immovable  Example :  Sutures  Syndesmoses

51. Fibrous Joints

52. Joints  Cartilaginous joints  Bones connected by cartilage  Immovable or slightly moveable  Example :  Pubic symphysis  Intervertebral joints

53. Cartilaginous Joints

54. Joints  Synovial Joints  bones are separated by a joint cavity  Synovial fluid  Freely moveable

55. Synovial Joints

56. Types of Synovial Joints based on shape  Synovial Joints  bones are separated by a joint cavity  Synovial fluid  Freely moveable

57. Types of Synovial Joints based on shape

58. Plane Joint

59. Hinge Joint

60. Pivot Joint

61. Types of Synovial Joints based on shape

62. Condyloid Joint

63. Saddle Joint

64. Ball and Socket Joint

65. Gouty arthritis (Gout)

66.  Gouty arthritis  Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of uric acid crystals from the blood  Can usually be controlled with diet

67. Gouty arthritis (Gout)

68. Skeletal Changes Throughout Life  Fetus  Long bones of hyaline cartilage

69. Skeletal Changes Throughout Life  Birth  Fontanels remain until around age 2

70. Skeletal Changes Throughout Life

72.  Adolescence  Epiphyseal plates ossified and long bone growth ends

73. Skeletal Changes Throughout Life  2 years old—skull is larger in proportion to the body  8 or 9 years old—skull is near adult size and proportion  Between ages 6 and 11, the face grows out from the skull

74. Skeletal Changes Throughout Life

76. Osteoporosis  Bone-thinning disease afflicting   50% of women over age 65  20% of men over age 70

78. Osteoporosis