ENERGY AND LIFE

Endergonic and Exergonic Both of these reactions are linked because free energy can not just stand around ATP is the energy molecule associated with these rxns

ADPATP Energy Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + PhosphateAdenosine triphosphate (ATP) Partially charged battery Fully charged battery

ATP - ADP Cycle

How does ATP get replenished? From cell respiration which is the breakdown of the foods we eat ADP---> ATP

Overview of Cellular Respiration 6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Energy Release energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen.

Overview Glucose Glycolysis Cytoplasm Pyruvic acid Electrons carried in NADH Krebs Cycle Electrons carried in NADH and FADH 2 Electron Transport Chain Mitochondrion

Glucose Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport Fermentation (without oxygen) Alcohol or lactic acid

Glycolysis Glucose To the electron transport chain 2 Pyruvic acid

Alcoholic Fermentation

Lactic Acid Fermentation Glucose Pyruvic acid Lactic acid

Glucose Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport Fermentation (without oxygen) Alcohol or lactic acid

Citric Acid Production

Krebs Cycle (if oxygen present) Pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions Now inside the mitochondria CO 2 is released in the air we exhale ATP is produced which can be used for cellular activities NADH and FADH which are electron carriers, can help generate huge amount of ATP

Electron Transport Chain Uses high energy electrons from the Krebs Cycle to convert ADP to ATP Located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria Electrons are passed along protein carriers, finally combining to form H 2 O H + ions accumulate in the intermembrane space and diffuse back causing ADP  ATP

Electron Transport Hydrogen Ion Movement ATP Production Channel Electron Transport Chain

Totals Glycolysis- 2 ATP Krebs and Electron Transport-34 ATP The 36 ATP produced from a single glucose molecule represents 38% of the total energy in glucose. The rest is lost as heat.

Photosynthesis

The Photosynthesis Equation 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Carbon Water Glucose Oxygen Dioxide

Light and Pigments Plant’s gather the sun’s energy through light absorbing pigments The main type of pigment for a plant is chlorophyll Chlorophyll absorbs lights energy and transfers the energy to electrons in the chlorophyll molecule Most plants look green because chlorophyll does not absorb this area of the spectrum well Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b VBGYOR Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a

Chloroplasts Contains saclike membranes called thylakoids Chlorophyll and other pigments are in the membrane and make up photosystems Region outside the thylakoids is the stroma

Electron Carriers Can accept a pair of high energy electrons and transfer them along with most of their energy to another molecule like glucose + (nicatineamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)NADP + (nicatineamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) NADP + accepts and holds 2e - along with a H + and converts to NADPHNADP + accepts and holds 2e - along with a H + and converts to NADPH

Electron Carriers

Light-Dependent Reactions Require light Produce oxygen gas Use Water Convert ADP and NADP + NADPH and ATP

Light-Dependent Reactions Hydrogen Ion Movement Photosystem II Inner Thylakoid Space Thylakoid Membrane Stroma ATP synthase Electron Transport Chain Photosystem IATP Formation Chloroplast

Calvin Cycle Uses ATP and NADPH from light reactions to produce high-energy sugars Does not require light so is sometimes called the light independent reactions

Calvin Cycle ChloropIast CO 2 Enters the Cycle Energy Input 5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated Sugars and other compounds 6-Carbon Sugar Produced

Factors Affecting Photosynthesis Water Temperature Intensity of Light